Objective To review the research progress of the risk factors for slip progression and the pathogenesis of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis, and to discuss the value of Spinal Deformity Study Group (SDSG) classification system for lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. Methods Recent articles about the risk factors for slip progression and the pathogenesis of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis were reviewed and comprehensively analyzed with SDSG classification system of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. Results Pelvic incidence (PI) is the key pathogenic factor of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. The Meyerding grade of slip, PI, sacro-pelvic balance, and spino-pelvic balance not only are the fundamental risk factors of slip progression, but also are the key factors to determine how to treat and influence the prognosis. Therefore, compared with Wiltse, Marchetti-Bartolozzi, and Mac-Thiong-Labelle classification systems of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis, SDSG classification based on these factors mentioned above, has better homogeneity between the subjects of subgroup, and better reliability, moreover, could better guide operative plan and judge the prognosis. Conclusion It is suggested that the SDSG classification system should be the standard classification for lumbosacral spondylolisthesis for the clinical and research work.
【Abstract】 Objective To review the progress in the research of complications after expansive laminoplasty such as axial symptom, kyphotic deformity, and segmental motor paralysis. Methods Recent articles about complications after expansive laminoplasty were reviewed, and comprehensive analysis was done. Results The pathogenesis of axial symptom, kyphotic deformity, and segmental motor paralysis has not yet fully been understood, but has brought new finding, such as the importance of the spinous process-ligament-muscle complex, C5 palsy theory, and the involvement of the spinal cord mechanism. Conclusion The pathogenesis of axial symptom, kyphotic deformity, and segmental motor paralysis should be further investigated to prevent and treat the complications.
Objective To review the research progress of heterotopic ossification (HO) pathogenesis.Methods Recent articles about HO including the risk factors and pathogenesis were reviewed and comprehensively analyzed. Results The pathogenesis of HO is not completely understood, but the extracellular factors, signaling pathways, and transcription factors in the pathogenesis of HO are understood deeply, such as bone morphogenic protein, Smad signaling, and core binding factor α1/runt-related transcription factor 2, which are probably involved in HO. Furthermore, some related microRNAs are also probably involved in HO. Conclusion The pathogenesis of HO should be further investigated so as to lay a foundation for preventing and treating HO.
Objective To review present situation and progress in cl inically treating floating shoulder injury. Methods Recent l iterature concerned treatment of floating shoulder injury was reviewed and analyzed in terms of anatomy, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Results Conservative treatment and operative treatment can get good outcome. But the value of the results was l imited, because different evaluation criteria were used in the l iterature. Conclusion There is no uniform standards about the treatment of the floating shoulder injury. Both conservative treatment and operative treatment have advantages and disadvantages, which method will be used to treat the floating shoulder injury based on local damage and the patient’s general condition.
Objective To investigate the effect of the penetration of mini-plate mass screws into facet joint on axial symptoms in cervical laminoplasty. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 52 patients who underwent unilateral open-door cervical expansive laminoplasty fixed with Centerpiece mini-plate between September 2009 and December 2011. There were 42 males and 10 females, with a mean age of 61.2 years (range, 34-83 years). Seventeen patients exhibited simple degeneration cervical canal stenosis, 25 patients had multilevel cervical disc protrusion, and 10 patients had ossification of posterior longitudinal ligaments. Disease duration ranged 1-120 months (median, 11 months). The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was used to assess neurological function, and JOA recovery rates were calculated. The visual analogue score (VAS) and the neck disability index (NDI) were used to evaluate the axial pain and neck daily activities. The axial symptoms and other complications were recorded. The cervical canal diameter, cervical curvature, cervical canal cross area, and open angle were measured according to the X-ray films, CT scans, and MRI scans. The postoperative CT three dimensional (3-D) reconstruction images were used to identify whether the screws penetrated into the facet joints. All the patients were divided into 3 groups according to involved facet joints: no joint penetrating group (no penetrated facet joint), oligo-joint penetrating group (one or two penetrated facet joints), and multi-joint penetrating group (three or more penetrated facet joints). Results Five patients suffered from C5 nerve palsy, and 2 patients had cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The follow-up time ranged 3-35 months (mean, 15.7 months). At the final follow-up, the JOA scores, NDI, cervical canal diameter, and cervical canal cross area were significantly improved when compared with preoperative ones (P lt; 0.05). At 1 week after operation, CT 3-D reconstruction showed that 16 patients had no penetrated facet joint, 23 patients had one or two penetrated facet joints, and 13 patients had three or more penetrated facet joints. There was no significant difference in age, gender, disease duration, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and follow-up time among 3 groups (P gt; 0.05). And at the final follow-up, there was no significant difference in JOA score, VAS score, cervical curvature, cervical canal diameter, cervical canal cross area, the JOA recovery rates, and lamiae open angle among 3 groups (P gt; 0.05). The NDI of the multi-joint penetrated group was significantly higher than that of other 2 groups (P lt; 0.05). Axial pain occurred in 1 case of no penetrating group, in 4 cases of oligo-joint penetrating group, and in 5 cases of multi-joint penetrating group, showing no significant difference among 3 groups (χ2=4.881, P=0.087). Conclusion The penetrations of lateral mass screws into articular surface of facet joint may contribute to the axial symptoms after cervical laminoplasty. The risk of axial symptom raises accompany with increased penetrated facet joints.
Objective To summarize the basic research and the cl inical appl ication of biodegradable interbody fusion Cage. Methods Recent l iterature concerning biodegradable interbody fusion Cage at home and abroad was extensively reviewed, and current developments of the basic research and the cl inical appl ication of biodegradable interbody fusion Cage were investigated. Results Basic research showes that the stiffness of biodegradable interbody fusion Cage is lower than that of metall ic Cage, so it can enhance interbody fusion. As interbody fusion proceeded, biodegradable interbody fusion Cage degrades constantly, but the speed of degradation can not keep in parallel with that of fusion. In addition, the tissue response to degradation products is controversy. Cl inical appl ication showes that the biodegradable interbody fusion Cage can enhance interbody fusion and maintain disc space height. The short term results are good, however, the long term results need further observation. Conclusion Biodegradable interbody fusion Cage can effectively enhance interbody fusion.
Objective To evaluate the security and effectiveness of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (n-HA/PA66) cage in reconstruction of spinal stabil ity after resection of spinal tumor. Methods Between January 2008 and December2009, 11 patients with spinal tumor underwent surgical resection and strut graft with n-HA/PA66 cage. There were 6 males and 5 females with an average age of 44.5 years (range, 16-61 years). The average disease duration was 6.8 months (range, 2-14 months). The locations of lesions included cervical spine (2 cases), thoracic spine (6 cases), and lumbar spine (3 cases). Among them, there were 5 metastatic carcinomas, 2 giant cell tumors, 1 osteoblastsarcoma, 1 chondrosarcoma, and 2 non-Hodgkin lymphoma. According to Frankel criteria for nerve function classification, there were 1 case of grade A, 3 cases of grade B, 2 cases of grade C, 2 cases of grade D, and 3 cases of grade E. Results Incisions healed by first intention in all patients, no operative or postoperative compl ication occurred. Four cases of metastatic carcinoma died of primary disease during 5-9 months after operation. Seven cases were followed up 14.4 months on average (range, 10-18 months). All patients gained significant improvement of the neurological function at 3 months after operation. All cases obtained bone fusion and good spinal stabil ity without displacement and subsidence of the n-HA/PA66 cage. The intervertebral height of the adjacent segments was (110.5 ± 16.1) mm at 3 months after operation and (109.4 ± 16.2 ) mm at the final follow-up, showing significant differenecs when compared with the preoperative height [(97.5 ± 15.4) mm, P lt; 0.05], but no significant difference between 3 months after operation and the final follow-up. In 2 patients undergoing surgery via anterior approach, bilateral pleural effusion on both sides occurred and were cured after closed thoracic drainage. During the follow-up, 2 cases (1 chondrosarcoma and 1 giant cell tumor) relapsed and underwent reoperations. Conclusion n-HA/PA66 cage can provide satisfactory bone fusion and ideal spinal stabil ity without increasing the risk of recurrence and compl ications during the surgical treatment of spinal tumors. It is an idealselection for reconstruction of spinal stability.