Objective To investigate the effects of titanium modified by ultrasonic acid etching/anodic oxidation (UAT) loaded with endothelial progenitor cells-exosome (EPCs-exo) on proliferation and osteogenic and angiogenic differentiations of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Methods The adipose tissue and bone marrow of 10 Sprague Dawley rats were harvested. Then the ADSCs and EPCs were isolated and cultured by collagenase digestion method and density gradient centrifugation method, respectively, and identified by flow cytometry. Exo was extracted from the 3rd to 5th generation EPCs using extraction kit, and CD9 and CD81 were detected by Western blot for identification. The three-dimensional printed titanium was modified by ultrasonic acid etching and anodic oxidation to prepare the UAT. The surface characteristics of UAT before and after modification was observed by scanning electron microscopy; UAT was placed in EPCs-exo solutions of different concentrations (100, 200 ng/mL), and the in vitro absorption and release capacity of EPCs-exo was detected by BCA method. Then, UAT was placed in DMEM medium containing different concentrations of EPCs-exo (0, 100, 200 ng/mL), and co-cultured with the 3rd generation ADSCs to construct UAT-ADSCs-exo. Cell morphology by laser confocal microscopy, live/dead cell staining, and cell proliferation were observed to evaluate biocompatibility; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining, RT-PCR detection of osteogenesis-related genes [osteocalcin (OCN), RUNT-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), ALP, collagen type 1 (COL-1)] and angiogenesis-related gene [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], immunofluorescence staining for osteogenesis (OCN)- and angiogenesis (VEGF)-related protein expression were detected to evaluate the effect on the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation ability of ADSCs. Results Scanning electron microscopy showed that micro-nano multilevel composite structures were formed on the surface of UAT. About 77% EPCs-exo was absorbed by UAT within 48 hours, while EPCs-exo absorbed on the surface of UAT showed continuous and stable release within 8 days. The absorption and release amount of 200 ng/mL group were significantly higher than those of 100 ng/mL group (P<0.05). Biocompatibility test showed that the cells in all concentration groups grew well after culture, and the 200 ng/mL group was better than the other groups, with fully spread cells and abundant pseudopodia, and the cell count and cell activity were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). Compared with the other groups, 200 ng/mL group showed enhanced ALP activity and mineralization ability, increased expressions of osteogenic and angiogenic genes (OCN, Runx2, COL-1, ALP, and VEGF), as well as increased expressions of OCN and VEGF proteins, with significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion EPCs-exo can effectively promote the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of ADSCs on UAT surface, the effect is the most significant when the concentration is 200 ng/mL.
Currently, approximately one-third of epilepsy patients exhibit resistance to anti-seizure medications (Anti-seizure medications, ASMs), which can only alleviate symptoms, but cannot completely cure the condition. Consequently, the development of new ASMs from an understanding of epilepsy pathogenesis has emerged as an urgent social issue. The role of neuroinflammation in various neurological diseases has garnered significant attention as a popular research topic both domestically and internationally. Numerous studies have corroborated the involvement of neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of epilepsy. The biological target, Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), is considered as a marker of neuroinflammation and is intricately involved in the entire neuroinflammatory response. Investigating the function of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation can potentially uncover new treatment targets. At present, the exact mechanism of TSPO in epilepsy neuroinflammation remains unclear, thus necessitating a comprehensive summary and overview. This article reviewed the advancements made in TSPO research within the realm of neuroinflammation and its role in epileptic neuroinflammation, aiming to contribute novel insights for the identification of related targets and pathways for epilepsy treatment.
Objective To investigate the clinical value of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and three-dimensional reconstruction technique in repairing scalp avulsion wound with large skull exposure by the free latissimus dorsi flap transplantation. Methods Between October 2007 and June 2012, 9 female patients with serious scalp avulsion and large skull exposure were treated, aged 23-54 years (mean, 38 years). The injury causes included machine twist injury in 6 cases, traffic accident injury in 2 cases, and falling from height injury in 1 case. Before admission, 3 patients had scalp necrosis after scalp in situ replantation, and 6 patients underwent debridement and dressing. The time from injury to admission was 8 hours to 7 days (mean, 1 day). The avulsed scalp area ranged from 75% to 90% of the scalp area (mean, 81%); the exposed skull area ranged from 55% to 70% of the scalp area (mean, 63%). Two patients had unilateral auricle avulse. CTA was used to observe the superficial temporal artery and vein, facial artery, external jugular vein, dorsal thoracic artery and vein, and measure the blood vessel diameter before operation. According to the CTA results, the latissimus dorsal skin flaps were desinged to repair wounds in 7 cases, the latissimus dorsal muscle flaps combined with skin graft were used to repair wounds in 2 cases. According to preoperative design, operation was successfully completed in 7 cases; great saphenous vein was used as vascular graft in 2 cases having poor images of superficial temporal vessels. The size of latissimus dorsal skin flaps ranged from 20 cm × 14 cm to 25 cm × 20 cm; the donor site was repaired with skin graft. The size of latissimus dorsal muscle flaps were 23 cm × 16 cm and 16 cm × 10 cm; the donor site was directly sutured. Results The blood vessel diameter measured during operation was close to the value measured before operation. The operation time was 6-8 hours (mean, 6.5 hours). The latissimus dorsal muscle (skin) flap and skin graft survived, with primary healing of wound or incision at donor site. The patients were followed up 3 months-2 years (mean, 6 months). The flap had soft texture and skin had no ulceration. Conclusion The free latissimus dorsi flaps can repair scalp avulsion with large skull exposure. Preoperative CTA can get the vessel anatomical structure and diameter at donor and recipient sites, which will guide the operation program design and implementation so as to shorten the operation time and improve the accuracy rate of vascular anastomosis.