Platelets are non-nucleated blood effector cells, which plays an important role in coagulation, hemostasis, and thrombosis. However, platelets are extremely susceptible to activation by external stimuli, which in turn damages the platelet’s natural biological activity and affects its biological function. Platelet biological activity has become a hotspot in the field of vascular diseases. In this study, ultrasound parameters (ultrasound intensity and duration time) were used to intervene in the biological activity of platelets. The response of platelets to ultrasound energy was explored from the aspects of platelet morphology, aggregation ability and particle release (the expression of P-selectin and the number of particles). The results showed that the ultrasound intensity of 0.25 W/cm2 (1 MHz, 60 s) had no effect on the morphology, aggregation ability and particle release of platelets. When the ultrasonic intensity was increased to greater than 0.25 W/cm2, the generation of platelet pseudopods, morphological changes, increase of particle release, as well as effect on aggregation were observed. When the ultrasound duration time was 60 s (1 MHz, 0.25 W/cm2), it had no effect on the biological activity of platelets. However, when the ultrasound time was greater than 60 s, the morphology, aggregation ability and microparticles release would been induced with no effect on the secretion of CD62P and total protein components. Therefore, when the ultrasound parameters were 1 MHz and 0.25 W/cm2 with 60 s duration time, the ultrasound energy had no effect on the biological activity of platelets. The results in this study are of great significant for ultrasound energy intervention for the treatment of platelet-related diseases.
Sample size, mean and standard deviation are necessary when conducting meta-analysis for continuous outcomes. Advanced methods of data extraction were needed if the mean and the standard deviation couldn’t be obtained from a literature directly. Eight methods were introduced and two examples were given to illustrate how to apply the methods.
Receiving the amount of true positives, false positives, false negatives and true negatives is necessary when conducting meta-analysis of diagnostic tests. Advanced methods of data extraction are required if these data could not be directly obtained from a literature. We introduced three methods and discussed the theories. An example was then given to illustrate how to apply the methods.