Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked inherited progressive degenerative muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, and is one of the most common progressive muscular dystrophies. We will review the selection of genetic diagnosis methods for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the selection of experimental animal models, and treatment for the primary cause (including gene replacement therapy, exon skipping therapy, genome editing, stop codon read-through therapy, and stem cell therapy), the treatment of secondary pathological reactions and methods of assessing disease progression. The purpose is to enrich clinicians’ knowledge of the disease and provide a reference and help for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.