Objective To investigate the change characteristics of brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) after offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB), and observe the relationship of BNP with atrial fibrillation, intensive care unit(ICU) stay time, time of withdrawing trachea tube, and usage of intraaortic balloon pump(IABP). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 168 consecutive patients with coronary artery diseases who underwent OPCAB in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from September 2009 to March 2010. There were 133 males and 35 females with an age of 60.77±9.32 years. BNP was determined before operation, on the operative day just after operation, and day 1, 2 and 3 after operation. At the same time, the relationship between BNP and ICU stay time, time of withdrawing trachea tube, occurrence of atrial fibrillation, and usage of IABP were also recorded. Results There were two inhospital deaths, due to low cardiac output syndrome, infection and circulatory failure respectively. BNP increased significantly after operation with the peak level occurring 1 day after operation, after which it decreased gradually. BNP level in patients with their left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) under 50% was significantly higher than that in patients with LVEF equal to or above 50% before and after operation(the median BNP level at the second postoperative day: 2 198.20 pg/ml vs. 531.65 pg/ml, Plt;0.05). BNP in patients using IABP was significantly higher than that in patients without using IABP before and after operation(the median BNP level at the first postoperative day: 5 066.75 pg/ml vs. 745.20 pg/ml, Plt;0.05). The ROC value was 0.834 when perioperative BNP was used to predict the possibility of using IABP. BNP in patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation was also significantly higher than that in patients without atrial fibrillation(the median BNP level at the first postoperative day: 1 070.60 pg/ml vs. 747.80 pg/ml, Plt;0.05). BNP was positively correlated with using IABP(at the third postoperative day: r=0.437, Plt;0.05), prognosis(at the first postoperative day:r=0.224, Plt;0.05), time of withdrawing trachea tube(at the third postoperative day: r=0.440, Plt;0.05), ICU stay time(at the third postoperative day: r=0.477, Plt;0.05). Conclusion BNP can be considered as one of the diagnostic criteria for ventricular dysfunction, and preoperative high BNP level is a risk factor for using IABP and ICU stay time equal to or longer than 3 days.
Objective To investigate the clinical application of the right grstroepiploic artery (RGEA) in offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of the 38 patients who underwent RGEA grafts for OPCAB between December 2008 and July 2009 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. According to the difference of grafts, 76 patients undergoing OPCAB were divided into two groups. In the RGEA group, there were 38 patients including 36 males and 2 females with an age of 65.87±6.29 years. For the patients in this group, OPCAB was carried out with RGEA and other routine conduits as grafts. The control group had 38 patients including 35 males and 3 females with an age of 66.68±6.24 years. They underwent OPCAB with left internal mammary artery (LIMA), radial artery (RA), or saphenous vein (SV) as grafts. The intraoperative and postoperative clinical data for patients in both groups were analyzed and compared. Results All operations were carried out without serious complications like reoperation for bleeding, functional delayed gastric emptying, or severe infection, and no operative death occurred. Compared with the control group, operative time in the RGEA group was longer (295.53±45.16 min vs. 262.50±42.44 min,P=0.001), the number of anastomotic stomas [CM(159mm]was less (4.71±0.56 vs. 5.29±0.92, P=0.002), and less intraoperative plasma was consumed (194.74±186.30 ml vs. 565.79±382.70 ml, P=0.000). The 24 h drainage loss (394.71±205.36 ml vs. 536.32±258.85 ml, P=0.008), the blood cell consumption (1.67±1.48 U vs. 2.81±2.48 U, P=0.010) and the postoperative hospital stay (12.47±3.20 d vs. 15.47±9.31 d, P=0.035) were significantly lower in the RGEA group compared with those in the control group. Meanwhile, the time of postoperative mechanical ventilation time was longer in the RGEA group than that in the control group (1 398.82±1 349.94 min vs. 985.39±170.30 min, P=0.036). Seventytwo patients were followed up for a period from 9 to 17 months with 4 cases lost. No myocardial ischemia occurred in both groups of patients. Conclusion RGEA is an effective arterial conduit for OPCAB. It needs high technology and takes long operative time to apply RGEA in OPCAB.
Objective To investigate the effect of combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) on patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary heart diseases. Methods A total of 121 consecutive patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary artery diseases underwent CEA and OPCAB between January 2003 and December 2009 in Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. There were 81 males and 40 females, with their ages ranged from 62 to 72 years (67.2±4.5 years). All patients had 3vessel coronary artery lesions, and there were 3 cases of left main coronary artery lesion. Unilateral carotid arteriostenosis (≥50%) occurred in 95 patients, and bilateral (≥50%) in 26 patients. The occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and other complications after operation was observed, and followup was carried out. Results All patients underwent unilateral CEA including 50 on the right side and 71 left. The mean block time of carotid artery in CEA was 20.5±7.0 minutes. The average number of distal grafts per patient in OPCAB was 2.9±0.3. None of the patients had stroke or myocardial infarction and no perioperative death occurred. Eightyseven patients felt well in terms of their neuropsycho symptoms; 32 felt no change; and 2 worsened. Follow-up was done for all the patients with a follow-up rate of 100%. The mean time of the follow-up was 67.5±12.5 months. During this period, none of the patients manifested stroke, myocardial infarction or neuropsycho symptoms. Conclusion Concomitant OPCAB and CEA is a safe and effective procedure in patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary artery diseases. It can reduce the rate of postoperative stroke significantly. However, longterm outcome of the procedure needs operative experience accumulation, longterm follow-up and observation, and serious research and illumination.
Objective To investigate the incidence of perioperative stroke in elderly patients (≥65 years) undergoing offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) versus onpump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods WTBZ]We electronically searched PubMed (from 1966 to 2010), Cochrane Library (Issue 12, 2010), EMbase (from 1974 to 2010), CNKI (Chinese, from 1997 to 2010), CBM (Chinese, from 1989 to 2010), and manually searched some journals to collect published or grey literatures of clinical researches on comparison between OPCAB and CABG for elderly patients in the incidence of perioperative strokes. We assessed the methodology quality of included researches and extracted data to conduct metaanalysis by RevMan 5.0 software. Four subgroups (aged 65 to 70 years, 70 to 75 years, 75 to 80 years, and older than 80 years) according to the age of the patients, and subgroups according to the study design were analyzed respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by deleting the studies of low quality. Results We finally identified 17 studies including 5 historical cohort studies and 12 case control studies. No randomized controlled trial was searched. A total of 7 275 patients including 2 521 (34.65%) in the OPCAB group and 4 754 (65.35%) in the CABG group were identified. The metaanalyses of historical cohort study subgroup and case control study subgroup showed statistical difference in stroke incidence between the OPCABG and CABG groups with OR 0.25 and 95%CI 0.10 to 0.62,and with OR 0.25 and 95%CI 0.15 to 0.41,respectively. Statistical difference was tested in three age subgroups (70 to 75 years, 75 to 80 years, and elder than 80 years) and the OR (95%CI) value was 0.35 (0.21, 0.59), 0.14 (0.04, 0.54), and 0.09 (0.02, 0.38),respectively. The difference of stroke incidence between OPCAB and CABG patients in all the three subgroups was significant, while there was no statistical difference in the subgroup aged 65 to 70 years with OR 0.10 and 95%CI 0.01 to 1.68. The sensitvity analysis showed that metaanalysis was stable in case control study subgroup, was not stable in historical cohort study subgroup. Conclusions OPCAB may reduce incidence of perioperative stroke in elderly patients. However, it still needs to be confirmed by more multicenter, largesample, and randomized doubleblind controlled trials in the future.
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sequential bilateral internal mammary artery grafting combined with selective coronary venous bypass graft (CVBG) during offpump coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 38 patients with diffuse right coronary arteriostenosis undergoing operation in Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University from March 2004 to August 2010. Based on the operation method, the patients were divided into two groups. In the CVBG group, there were 17 patients including 11 males and 6 females with an average age of 46.1±6.2 years who underwent off-pump sequential bilateral internal mammary artery grafting combined with CVBG. In the control group, there were 21 patients including 14 males and 7 females with an average age of 45.9±5.7 years, and they underwent the off-pump sequential bilateral internal mammary artery grafting without CVBG. Blood flow of bridged vessels was measured. The perioperative parameters including number of grafts, tracheal intubation time, hospitalization time, complications, results of echocardiography, myocardial nuclide imaging and coronary angiography were compared between the two groups of patients. Results There was no hospital mortality or complications such as cerebral events, sternal and mediastinal infections. There was statistical difference in graft number between CVBG group and control group (3.3±1.1 vessels vs. 2.2±1.6 vessels, Plt;0.05). There were no statistical differences in internal mammary artery trunk blood flow (81.5±32.7 ml/min vs. 76.8±28.4 ml/min), left internal mammary artery trunk blood flow (32.5±18.8 ml/min vs. 28.1±167 ml/min) and right internal mammary artery trunk blood flow (39.6 ±19.0 ml/min vs. 35.9±18.3 ml/min) between CVBG and control group (Pgt;0.05). Followup was done for all the 38 patients with a follow-up rate of 100%. Follow-up time was 3.55 months (37.4±9.8 months). No angina symptoms occurred in CVBG group and myocardial blood supply of inferior wall in this groups improved obviously based on the results of electrocardiogram, while there were 8 cases of angina in the control group with inferior wall myocardial ischemia and ST-T changes according to the results of electrocardiogram (Plt;0.05). Heart functions were significantly improved in both groups three months after surgery. Through myocardial nuclide imaging, we found that myocardial blood supply of inferior wall was obviously improved in CVBG group. Coronary angiography in CVBG group showed that there was blood flow to myocardium in the arterialized vein. Conclusion Sequential bilateral internal mammary artery grafting combined with selective arterialization of the coronary venous system can be performed during offpump coronary artery bypass surgery. Cardiac functions and quality of life are improved after the surgery. This provides a new surgical method for diffuse right coronary lesions.
Abstract: Objective To compare the therapeutic effects between offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) and onpump coronary artery bypass grafting (on-pump CABG) in the patients of multivessel coronary disease below 70 years old, in order to decide on the best surgery method. Methods From June 2007 to June 2009, 196 patients below the age of 70 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), including 152 male patients and 44 female patients. The average age was 55.00 years old, ranging from 46 to 69 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to the methods of operation. There were 94 patients in the off-pump CABG group including 2 patients who were converted to the onpump CABG surgery because of the unstable hemodynamics. The other 102 patients were in the onpump CABG group. The type and number of the vessel grafts, the quantity of blood transfusion, intubation duration, length of stay in hospital, complications during perioperative period and mortality were compared between the two groups. Results In the offpump CABG group, 2 patients were converted to onpump CABG surgery because of the unstable hemodynamics, and 1 of them died from multiple organ failure. In the onpump CABG group, 2 patients died from severe low output syndrome and sudden heart arrest respectively. No significant difference was found in the vessel grafting materials, perioperative complications and mortality between the two groups (Pgt;0.05), while the number of anastomosis (3.22±0.65 vs. 4.52±1.11, t=9.807, P=0.000), the [CM(159mm]quantity of blood transfusion (312.57±305.26 ml vs. 744.86±279.37 ml, t=10.317, P=0.000),the intubation duration (10.71±5.32 h vs.17.12±4.67 h, t=8.683, P=0.000) and the length of stay in hospital (17.75±3.04 d vs. 21.24±6.46 d, t=4.782,P=0.000) in the off-pump CABG group were significantly lower or shorter than those in the on-pump CABG group. A total of 93 patients in the off-pump CABG group and 100 patients in the on-pump CABG group were followed up with the time periods ranging from 2 to 26 months. All patients survived without angina. Conclusion There is no significant difference in the early clinical therapeutic effects between off-pump CABG and onpump CABG in the patients of multivessel coronary disease below 70 years old, but revascularization in the on-pump CABG patients is better. So far, offpump CABG cannot replace on-pump CABG and more clinical trails are needed for evaluation of the longterm prognosis.
Abstract: Objective To explore the inhospital mortalityrelated risk factors in the patients undergoing offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 215 patients undergoing OPCAB in our hospital from November 2007 to November 2008. There were 171 males and 44 females aged between 40 and 85 years old. Among them, there were 47 patients older than 70 years old. All of them were coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with triple vessel disease. We adopted univarialble analysis and logistic multivariable regression analysis to screen the risk factors for the mortality of OPCAB. Results Six patients died in hospital after OPCAB with a mortality rate of 2.79% (6/215). No renal dysfunction or respiratory failure occurred. The rate of reoperation for bleeding was 4.65% (10/215) and all the 10 patients having undergone reoperation were alive. A total of 209 patients were all alive after 1year follow-up. The results of logistic multivariable regression analysis showed that New York Heart Association (NYHA) Ⅲ and Ⅳ heart function (OR=42.116，95% CI 3.319 to 534.465，P=0.004) and mechanical ventilation duration (OR=1.007，95%CI 1.001 to 1.013，P=0.028) were independent risk factors for inhospital mortality of OPCAB. Conclusion OPCAB is an effective and safe treatment for CAD with triple vessel disease. NYHA Ⅲ and Ⅳ heart function and mechanical ventilation time after OPCAB are the risk factors for OPCAB inhospital mortality, yet, needs further study with large sample.
Objective To summarize the experiences of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (onpump CABG) for patients with coronary artery diseases and to improve the surgical techniques and clinical results. Methods Coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) were performed from January 2000 to March 2009 on 698 consecutive cases, including 551 male and 147 female with a mean age of 67.2 years(range, 28.0-79.0). There were 552 cases with angina pectoris and 131 with old myocardial infarction. Preoperative cardiac function showed 301 cases in New York Heart Association classⅡ, 339 in class Ⅲ,and 58 in class Ⅳ. Coronary angiography revealed single vessel disease in 21 cases, 2vessel disease in 87, 3vessel disease in 590, and 201 cases had concomitant left main lesions.There were 687 elective CABG and 11 emergency / urgent ones. Offpump CABG were performed on 346 cases and the others received onpump CABG . Results A total number of 2 025 grafts ( range,1-6 grafts, mean, 2.9 grafts /case ) were constructed with 693 left internal mammary arteries,115 free right mammary arteries,229 left radial arteries, and 81 right radial arteries. Total arterial bypass grafting was feasible on 126 cases. Postoperative ventilation duration varied from 0-127 hours (mean, 11.5 hours). Fasttrack procedure was offered to 38 cases with good results.Introaortic balloon pump support were provided to 1 patient preoperatively and 27 postoperatively. There were 25 deaths with a mortality of 3.64% for the elective cases with the cause of acute myocardial infarction ( 5 cases ), low cardiac output syndrome (3 cases),protamine reaction (2 cases),respiratory failure (3 cases), renal failure (2 cases),and multiorgan failure (10 cases).Four deaths occurred to urgent cases with a mortality of 36.36% from low cardiac output syndrome ( 3 cases) and acute myocardial infarction (1 case). One hundred and fiftyone cases（21.63%）developed atrial fibrilation among which 147（97.35%）returned to sinus rhythem with administration of electrolytes and Amiodarone. Resternotomy were performed for bleeding in 12 cases. Upon discharge from the hospital, 511 patients were free from angina while 20 other patients still had coexisting relieved angina. Postoperative followup was carried out on 415 cases（62.03%）for a period of 1month to 8.2 years with 3 deaths for lung cancer (1 case), car accident(1case), and unknown reasons (1 case). Number of patients who were free from angina was 317 and 21 for those who had recurrent angina. The cardiac function improved with 269 cases（65.29%）in New York Heart Association class Ⅱ, 142（34.46%）class Ⅲ, and 1（0.24%） class Ⅳ. Conclusion Good surgical results could be achieved with careful analysis of native Chinese patients’ coronary vessels, individualized operative plan, control of operative risk factors, and proper selection of bypass conduits. Aggressive use of IABP can provide essential support for patients with poor left ventricular function and other high risk factors.
Objective To compare the clinic results between offpump left ventricular(LV) aneurysm plication repair and onpump LV linear aneurysmectomy for LV dyskinetic aneurysm (DA), and to improve the curative effect of aneurysm. [WTHZ]Methods From September 2003 to September 2007, 32 patients with DA located in the anterior wall or apex of LV were operated. There were 23 male and 9 female aged 4670 years with a mean age of 63 years. According to the procedure with or without cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB), 32 patients were divided into two groups: Offpump group (n=17), with the size of DA represented 25%-37% of left cavity. Patients in this group underwent offpump LV aneurysm plication repair; Onpump group (n=15), with the size of DA represented 27%-40% of left cavity. Patients in this group underwent onpump LV linear aneurysmectomy. Coronary artery bypass grafting was the concomitant procedure in both groups. The clinic results were compared and evaluated via indexes such as left ventricular volume, systolic function etc which were determined by echocardiography. [WTHZ]Results No operation death was found in both groups. In offpump group, there was no perioperative complication. Postoperative cardiac function classification (NYHA) improved significantly (1.0±0.8 grade vs. 2.9±0.3 grade，P=0.001), left ventricular ejection fraction（LVEF） improved significantly (41.0%±4.5% vs. 36.4%±4.8%，P=0.035), and left ventricular [CM(159mm]endsystolic volume index (LVESVI) reduced significantly (52.6±27.7 ml/m2 vs. 79.7±21.4 ml/m2, P=0.003) compared with that before operation. Seventeen cases were followed up, and the followup time was 12-53 months with a mean time of 29 months. No death was found during following up. One case was reoperated 1 year after operation because of severe mitral valve regurgitation. One case had congestive heart failure 3 years after operation with a LVEF of 31% and still in observation. The other cases were fine. In onpump group, there were 3 cases had perioperative complications (Two with neurological complications and one with respiratory failure). Postoperative cardiac function classification (NYHA) improved significantly (1.0±0.6 grade vs. 3.1±0.9 grade，P=0.001). LVEF improved significantly (42.3%±3.2% vs. 35.6%±6.5%, P=0.023). LVESVI reduced obviously (49.3±22.6 ml/m2 vs. 81.3±25.0 ml/m2, P=0.003) compared with that before operation. Fifteen cases were followed up and the followup time was 1260 months with a mean time of 35 months. No death was found during following up and the clinic results were good. No significant difference was observed between the two groups (Pgt;0.05). [WTHZ]Conclusion Offpump LV aneurysm plication repair for LV dyskinetic aneurysm can effectively reduce the volume of LV, improve LVEF and cause less perioperative complications. It is a safe and effective procedure. Its longterm prognosis needs further observation.
Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute kidney injury（AKI）after onpump coronary artery bypass grafting(on-pump CABG) and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (off-pump CABG) in order to provide superior renal protective measure after operation. Methods The clinical data of 849 consecutive patients undergone coronary artery bypass grafting（CABG） in a single institution between January 1990 and August 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. A simplex module and a multivariate logistic regression model were constructed to identify risk factors for the development of AKI. Results AKI were occurred in 61 patients （11.8%，61/518） undergone off-pump CABG and 63 patients （19.0%，63/331） undergone onpump CABG. Peak of serum creatinine (Scr) after operation arrived at the 12th hour and 24th hour in patients undergone off-pump CABG and patients undergone on-pump CABG respectively. The rapidly recovering period of Scr in patients undergone off-pump CABG and on-pump CABG were from the 24th hour to the 48th hour and from the 48th hour to the 72th hour respectively.The results of the multivariate forward stepwise logistic regression analysis found that risk factors for the development of postoperative AKI following isolated CABG were associated with heavy body mass index（OR=1.190，1.179）, emergent procedure（OR=2.737，3.678）, diabetes（OR=1.705，2.042）, peripheral vascular disease（OR=2.002，2.559）,ejection fraction≤30%（OR=2.267，4.606）, and New York Heart Association(NYHA) class Ⅲ and Ⅳ（OR=1.861，1.957） were risk factors for the development of postoperative AKI following offpump and on-pump CABG; pulse pressure≥60mmHg and triplevessel disease were risk factors for the development of postoperative AKI following off-pump CABG. But perioperative and postoperative intra aortic balloon pumping (IABP) could make protective effect on kidney for on-pump CABG （OR=0.146）which could lessen development of AKI. Conclusions It is critical period for AKI that renal protection strategies should be performed from general anesthesia until postoperative 48 hours (off-pump CABG) and 72 hours (on-pump CABG). AKI might be the most important stage in which a positive test should increase the physician’s awareness of the presence of risk for renal injury and then preventive or therapeutic intervention could be performed when the situation still is reversible.