Objective To observe the changes of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and its correlation with visual field mean defects（MD）in Parkinsonprime;s disease (PD).Methods Fifteen eyes of 15 PD patients in early stage and 18 eyes of 18 normal controls undertook RNFL examination by Stratus OCT3. Circular scans (diameter is 3.46 mm) were taken around the optic nerve head including eight quadrants (superior, inferior, temporal, nasal, temporalsuperior, temporalinferior, nasalsuperior and nasalinferior). The RNFL thickness in different quadrants in the two groups was analyzed. The visual field of PD patients was measured by central 302 program of Humphery750 visual field analyzer, and the MD was recorded. The correlation between RNFL thickness and MD was analyzed by linear correlation and regression analysis.Results RNFL thicknesses of superior, inferior, temporal, nasal, temporalsuperior, temporalinferior, nasalsuperior, nasalinferior and average RNFL thickness in the control group were (132.7plusmn;17.4), (141.5plusmn;15.3) ,（83.2plusmn;17.5）, (83.7plusmn;22.3) ,（120.8plusmn;21.2）, (117.9plusmn;24.5) ,（109.6plusmn;20.6）,（110.2plusmn;27.7）, and（109.9plusmn;8.5）mu;m respectively, while in the PD group they were (128.1plusmn;25.3) , (128.6plusmn;13.2) , (68.7plusmn;13.5) , (76.5plusmn;17.8) ,（102.6plusmn;23.7）, (103.3plusmn;14.1) ,（101.2plusmn;20.9）,（96.6plusmn;15.0）,（102.3plusmn;11.9） mu;m. Compared with each other, the differences of RNFL thickness of inferior, temporal, temporalsuperior, temporalinferior and average RNFL thickness were statistically significant（t=2.595，2.700，2.330，2.153，2.131；P=0.014，0.011，0.026，0.040，0.041）. There was a close negative relationship between average RNFL thickness and MD in PD patients (r=-0.933，P＜0.0001). Conclusions RNFL thickness was significantly thinner in PD patients than that in the normal controls. There was a negative relationship between RNFL thickness and MD in PD patients.
ObjectiveTo investigate the anxiety of family members of patients with Parkinson's disease, and explore the risk factors. MethodsSelf-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was employed to assess a total of 107 family members of Parkinson disease patients from October 2014 to October 2015. The scores were compared with the domestic norm, and the risk factors of anxiety were analyzed with Logistic regression. ResultsThe scores of SAS (38.83±10.97) were significantly higher in patients' family members than the norm (P<0.01). Disturbance of the life and work by caring the patients, late stage of the patients, and disability of self care were independent risk factors for the anxiety of the patients' family members (P<0.01), and the three factors could increase the anxiety (OR>1). ConclusionAnxietsy exists in family members of patients with Parkinson disease. More attention should be paid when they have the factors of disturbance of the life or work by caring the patients, late stage of the patients, and self care disability of patients.
ObjectiveTo evaluate visual field changes in early mild Parkinson's disease. Methods A total of 66 eyes of 33 cases with early mild Parkinson's disease and 72 eyes of 36 age-matched normal individuals were enrolled into the study. Humphrey Field Analyzer II was applied for central visual field test. The visual field indices of mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were analyzed to evaluate the location and the characteristics of visual field defect in this study. ResultsVisual field indices MD (-3.4±2.5) dB was significantly changed in patients with PD when compared to the controls (-0.6±1.7) dB. PSD (4.3±2.6) was significantly higher in patients with PD than that in the control group (2.1±1.8) dB. Glaucoma hemifield test (GHT) assessment was within normal limits in the controls. Of the 33 patients (66 eyes) in PD, GHT showed outside normal limits in 31 eyes, borderline in 8 eyes, and within normal limits in 27 eyes. 31 eyes outside normal limits appeared glaucomatous visual field defects, in which 16 with nasal step and 5 with arcuate defect. ConclusionsVisual field indices including MD and PSD in early mild patients with PD were significantly worse than that in the controls group. GHT abnormalities could be found in early mild PD patients with visual field defects, including pericentral scotoma and nasal step, which mimicked glaucomatous changes.
Objective To observe the macular morphology and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) in Parkinson's disease (PD) evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods A total of 37 patients (74 eyes) with PD were in the PD group, 32 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (64 eyes) in the control group. All subjects underwent SD-OCT examination with 5 line scanning, macular cube 512×128 scanning and optic disc volume 200×200 scanning. The retinal thickness, central foveal thickness (CFT), macular volume and thickness of circumpapillary, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal of RNFL between two groups were comparatively analyzed. The relationship between SD-OCT parameters and age, disease duration, scores of Hoehn-Yahr and unified PD rating scale (UPDRS) Ⅲ in PD patients was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results Both of the retinal thickness and macular volume in PD group were significantly reduced than those in control group (t= −2.546, −3.410;P=0.012, 0.001). There was no difference of CFT (t= −0.463,P=0.644) and the thickness of circumpapillary (t= −1.645,P=0.102), superior (t= −0.775,P=0.439), inferior (t=−1.844,P=0.067), nasal (t= −0.344,P=0.732) and temporal (t= −0.541,P=0.590) of RNFL between two groups. The retinal thickness, macular volume, CFT and the thickness of circumpapillary, superior, inferior, nasal, temporal of RNFL had no relationship with age, disease duration and scores of Hoehn-Yahr and UPDRS Ⅲ in PD patients (P＞0.05). Conclusions In PD patients, the retinal thickness and macular volume are decreased, however, the circumpapillary RNFL have no obvious alterations.
Age is the main cause of neurodegenerative changes in the central nervous system (CNS), and the loss of neurons would increase with the migration of the disease. The current treatment is also mainly used to relieve symptoms, while the function of CNS is very difficult to recover. The emergence of endogenous stem cells has brought new hope for the treatment of CNS diseases. However, this nerve regeneration is only in some specific areas, and the recovery of neural function remains unknown. More and more experts in the field of neuroscience have carried out various in vivo or in vitro experiments, in order to increase nerve regeneration and nerve function recovery through mechanism research, in the expectation that the results would be applied to the treatment of CNS diseases. This article reviews the recent progress of endogenous neural stem cells in degenerative diseases of CNS.
ObjectiveTo observe the macular retinal thickness and volume in patients with different degrees of Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsThirty eyes of 30 patients with primary PD and 20 eyes of 20 healthy subjects (control group) in Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from October 2016 to October 2017 were enrolled in this study. There were 17 males and 13 females, with the mean age of 63.2±6.4 years and disease course of 3.9±2.4 years. The patients were divided into mild to moderate PD group (15 eyes of 15 patients) and severe PD group (15 eyes of 15 patients). The macular area was automatically divided into 3 concentric circles by software, which were foveal area with a diameter of 1 mm (inner ring), middle ring of 1 to 3 mm, and outer ring of 3 to 6 mm. The middle and outer ring were divided into 4 quadrants by 2 radiations, respectively. The changes of retinal thickness and macular volume of the macular center and its surrounding quadrants were analyzed. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA were used to analyze all data.ResultsCompared with the control group, the retinal thickness and volume in macular center and each quadrant of the mild to moderate PD group and severe PD group were reduced. Compared with the mild to moderate PD group, the retinal thickness and volume in macular center and each quadrant of the severe PD group were reduced. The differences of retinal thickness and macular volume among 3 groups were significant (F=5.794, 5.221, 5.586, 5.302, 5.926, 5.319, 5.404, 5.261, 5.603; P=0.001, 0.007, 0.003, 0.005, 0.000, 0.004, 0.004, 0.006, 0.002). In inner ring of the mild to moderate PD group and the severe PD group, the retinal thickness and macular volume in the upper and the nasal were the largest, the inferior was followed, and the temporal was the smallest. In outer ring of the mild to moderate PD group and the severe PD group, the retinal thickness and macular volume in the nasal was the largest, the upper was the second, the temporal and the inferior were the smallest.ConclusionsThe retinal thickness and volume of the macular central fovea and its surrounding areas in PD patients are significantly thinner than that in the healthy subjects. And with the increase of the severity of PD, the macular structure changes obviously, showing macular center and its surrounding macular degeneration thin, macular volume reduced.
ObjectiveTo conduct a bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles in frontal lobe of patients with Parkinson disease (PD), in order to explore the potential mechanism related to depression in PD.MethodsAll the bioinformatics data before March 20th 2019 were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, using " Parkinson disease” as the key word. The species was limited to human (Homo sapiens), and the detective method was limited to expression profiling by array. ImgGEO (Integrative Gene Expression Meta-Analysis from GEO database), DAVID (the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery), STRING and Cytoscape 3.6.1 software were utilized for data analysis.ResultsTotally, 45 samples (24 PD cases and 21 healthy controls) were obtained from 2 datasets. We identified 236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the post-mortem frontal lobe between PD cases and healthy controls, in which 146 genes were up-regulated and 90 genes were down-regulated. Based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the DEGs were mainly enriched in the structures of postsynaptic membrane, cell membrane component, postsynaptic membrane dense area, and myelin sheath, and were involved in the occurrence of PD, depression, and other diseases. These genes were involved in the biological processes of dopaminergic, glutamate-nergic, GABA-nergic synapses, and some other synapses, as well as several signaling pathways (e.g. mitogen- activated protein kinase signal pathway, p53 signal pathway, and Wnt signal pathway), which were associated with PD and depression pathogenesis. Besides, we found that NFKBIA, NRXN1, and RPL35A were the Hub proteins.ConclusionsGene expression in frontal lobe of patients with PD is associated with the pathogenesis of PD. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of PD occurrence and progression, as well as the potential mechanism of depression in PD.