Objective To investigate the research advance in repair of the peripheral nerve defect with an acellular nerve allograft. Methods The recent related literature was extensively and comprehensively reviewed. The methods and the effects of the allografts with acellular nerves were analyzed. Results The immunogenicity of the allograft was more significantly relieved by the chemical treatment than by the physicaltreatment. The effect of the chemical treatment on the axon regeneration was better than that of the physical treatment. Conclusion Because of the limitation of the host Schwann cell translation in the longsegment acellular nerve allografts, the effect of Schwann cells is not satisfactory and regeneration of the nerve is limited. So, the recellularized treatment with some related measures can enhance the host Schwann cell translation so that this problem can be solved.