Objective To explore the effects of prolonged Aspergillus fumigatus spores inhalation on airway inflammation and remodeling in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD）.Methods Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into group A，B，C，D and E，(n=10 in each group) and group E was served as normal control.In group A，B，C and D，COPD models were established by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with cigarette smoke exposure.The rats in group A，B and C were given intranasal inhalation of 1×106cfu spores，1×103cfu spores and 100 mL saline twice a week for consecutive 5 weeks，respectively，while the rats in group D were given no treatment.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were collected for total and differential cell count，and interleukin-8（IL-8） and transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b) concentration measurement.The pathologic changes of lung tissue were observed by HE，PAS and Masson stainings.Results Pathological changes characteristic of COPD were found in group D.The total cell count，the percentage of neutrophile and lymphocyte in BALF in group A and B were higher than those in group C and D(all Plt;0.01).IL-8 and TGF-b in BALF in group A and B were higher than those in group C and D(all Plt;0.01).The pathologic score of airway inflammation in group A was higher than those in group B，C and D(all Plt;0.01)：The thickness of airway wall(WAt/Pbm) and airway smooth muscles(WAm/Pbm)，the collagen deposition in the total airway wall(WCt/Pbm) and in the outer airway wall(WCo/Pbm) and the percentage of goblet cells to epithelial cells in group A and B were higher than those in group C and D(all Plt;0.01).In group A and B，IL-8 was positively correlated with the percentage of neutrophile(r=0.856，Plt;0.01)，the pathologic score of airway inflammation(r＝0.884，Plt;0.01)，and the percentage of goblet cells to epithelial cells (r=0.702，Plt;0.05)，respectively.TGF-b was positively correlated with WAt/Pbm，WCt/Pbm，WCo/Pbm and the ratio of goblet cells to epithelial cells (r=0.706，Plt;0.05：r=0.802，Plt;0.01：r=0.876，Plt;0.01：r=0.713，Plt;0.05).Conclusion Prolonged inhalation of Aspergillus fumigatus spores can aggravate the airway inflammation and remodeling in rats with COPD.