Objective To discuss the relationship between motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and the gallstone formation. Methods The level of motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide in plasma, bile and gallbladder tissue of 48 cases of chololithiasis before operation and the first, third, seventh day after cholecystectomy were mesured by radioimmunoassay. Results The level of motilin in plasma was markedly increased in patients with chololithiasis before cholecystectomy and the first day after cholecystectomy. The level of motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide in bile and gallbladder tissue were significantly increased in patients and motilin was positively correlated with vasoactive intestinal peptide in the gallbladder tissue. Conclusion Motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide might affect the gallstone formation by affecting the motility of gallbladder.
To investigate the origin and releasing relation of motilin (MTL), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SS) in guinea pig bile as well as its effects during gallstone formation. Guinea pig were divided into three groups: control group (50 animals), on normal diet; lithogenic group (70 animals), fed with lowprotein low fat; and recovering group (50 animals), fed with lowprotein low fat and recovering normal food after the experiment of gallstone formation. MTL, VIP and SS in the bile gallbladder tissue and portal vein plasma of the normal control group were measured with radioimmunoassay. Meanwhile the changes of the gut peptides in the bile and the bile components from different groups were also compared. Results: In control group the levels of MTL, VIP and SS in the bile were higher than those in the plasma, but, obviously lower than those in the tissues, the concentration relationship between in the bile and in the tissue was a positive correlation. In contrast to the control group, MTL concentration decreased but VIP and SS increased in the bile of the lithogenic group, the physicochemical nature of the bile also became lithogenic. In the recovering group the bile also became lithogenic, but, the concentration of those peptides and the nature of the bile all got normal. Conclusion: MTL, VIP and SS in guinea pig bile originate mainly form the gallbladder wall tissues. Food components affect the levels of the gut peptides in bile, which promote the bile lithogenic changes and gallstone formation.
Abstract： Objective To investigate the influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP) on the sling fibers and the clasp fibers of the lower esophageal sphincter （LES） and the difference， and explore whether VIP belongs to a nonadrenergic and noncholinergic （NANC） neurotransmitter. Methods Thirty LES specimens were obtained from 30 patients with high-position carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus who underwent esophagectomy from March to August 2010 in Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University. There were 14 male patients and 16 female patients with their average age of 58.0±6.1 years. The clasp fibers and sling fibers were isolated and suspended in perfusion. Exogenous VIP was added to the two kinds of strips to draw a concentration-effect curve. Electric field stimulation （EFS） or exogenous VIP was applied to clasp fibers and sling fibers， and the influence of VIP （10-28） on LES was compared. Results ExogenousVIP in different concentration caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the sling fibers and clasp fibers of LES in vitro. There was statistical difference in relaxation between the sling fibers and clasp fibers under same VIP concentration （P＜0.05）， and the relaxation of sling fibers was more significant than that of clasp fibers. VIP （10-28） transiently inhibited the relaxationof the sling fibers and clasp fibers caused by exogenous VIP. VIP （10-28） also transiently inhibited the relaxation of the sling fibers and clasp fibers after the activation of EFS. Conclusion The relaxation of sling fibers and clasp fibers induced by EFS is related to VIP. VIP is a kind of NANC neurotransmitter in human LES.
Objective Vascular bundle and sensory nerve bundle implantation can promote the osteogenesis of tissue engineered bone. To investigate whether vascular bundle and sensory nerve bundle implantation will affect the expressions of neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) and vasoactive intestinal peptide type 1 receptor (VIPR1). Methods Fifty-four 5-montholdNew Zealand rabbits were selected. Autologous bone marrow was aspirated from the posterior il iac spine of rabbits, and the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were prol iferated in vitro. At the 3rd passage, the BMSCs were cultured in the osteogenic culture medium for 7 days. The tissue engineered bone was prepared by the combined culture of these osteoblastic induced BMSCs and β tricalcium phosphate scaffold material. A 1.5 cm segmental bone defect was created at the right femur of rabbits. After the plate fixation, defects were repaired with sensory nerve bundle plus tissue engineered bone (group A, n=18), with vascular bundle plus tissue engineered bone (group B, n=18), and tissue engineered bone only (group C, n=18). X-ray examination was used to evaluate the degree of the ossification. The expression levels of NK1R and VIPR1 were measured by the immuohistochemistry analysis and the mRNA expression of NK1R and VIPR1 by real-time PCR at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after operation. Results The better osteogenesis could be observed in group A and group B than in group C at all time points. X-ray scores were significantly higher in group B than in groups A and C (P lt; 0.05) at 4 weeks, and in groups A and B than in groupC (P lt; 0.05) at 8 and 12 weeks. The mRNA expressions of NK1R and VIPR1 were highest at 8 weeks in groups A and B and gradually decreased at 12 weeks (P lt; 0.05); the expressions were higher in groups A and B than that in group C (P lt; 0.05), and in group B than group A (P lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the expressions of NK1R and VIPR1 were highest at 8 weeks in 3 groups, and the expressions were higher in groups A and B than in group C. Conclusion Implanting vascular bundles into the tissue engineered bone can significantly improve the expression levels of NK1R and VIPR1. It is an ideal method to reconstruct composite tissue engineered bone.
Objective To investigate the mechanism of gastrointestinal motility disorder of severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） in rats. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups：sham operation （SO） group （n=16） and SAP group （n=16）. The gastric antrum interdigestive myoelectric complex （IMC） of rat was recorded by using bipolar silver electrode recording， the concentration of serum motilin （MTL） and vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method， and determined the pancreatic pathology score. Results Compared with SO group， the concentration of serum MTL obvious decreased and the concentration of VIP obvious rised in SAP group （P＜0.01）. Compared with SO group， the time of IMC cycle， andⅠand Ⅱ phase were extended， and time of Ⅲ phase was shortened， also the amplitude and frequency of peak electric of Ⅲ phase were declined in SAP group （P＜0.01）. And the concentration of MTL in SAP group showed positive correlation with the time of Ⅲ phase of IMC （r=0.967， P＜0.01）， the concentration of VIP in SAP group showed negative correlation with the time of Ⅲ phase of IMC （r=-0.592， P＜0.05）. The pancreatic organization pathological score in SAP group was higher than that in SO group （P＜0.01）. Conclusion There is gastrointestinal motility disorder in SAP rats， furthermore， it may induce gastrointestinal motility disorder through effecting the gastrointestinal smooth muscle electrical activity.
ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the changes of nerve cells in sphincter of Oddi and acute pancreatitis. MethodsThe rabbit models of acute pancreatitis were prepared by using sodium taurocholate perfusion. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expressions of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in neurons of the sphincter of Oddi. ResultsIn the control group, (45.83±2.17)% of myenteric neurons were NOS-positive, (52.46±2.47)% of myenteric neurons were VIP positive, and (22.73±1.95)% of myenteric neurons were NOS and VIP double positive. In contrast, (11.26±0.93)% of myenteric neurons were NOS-positive and (28.62±2.83)% of myenteric neurons were VIP positive in SAP group, which were significantly less than those of control group (P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe sphincter of Oddi of normal rabbits is rich in VIP and NOS positive neurons. The significant reduction of NOS-positive and VIP-positive neurons when SAP, which may be the reason of decreased the activities of the sphincter of Oddi.