ObjectiveTo observe the effect of stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) from rat fat tissue combined with sustained release of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in promoting the lumbar fusion in rat model.MethodsSVFs were harvested from subcutaneous fat of bilateral inguinal region of 4-month-old rat through the collagenase I digestion. The sustained release carrier was prepared via covalent bond of the rhBMP-2 and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) by the biominetic apatite coating process. The sustained release effect was measured by BCA method. Thirty-two rats were selected to establish the posterolateral lumbar fusion model and were divided into 4 groups, 8 rats each group. The decalcified bone matrix (DBX) scaffold+PBS, DBX scaffold+rhBMP-2/β-TCP sustained release carrier, DBX scaffold+SVFs, and DBX scaffold+rhBMP-2/β-TCP sustained release carrier+SVFs were implanted in groups A, B, C, and D respectively. X-ray films, manual spine palpation, and high-resolution micro-CT were used to evaluate spinal fusion at 8 weeks after operation; bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume fraction were analyzed; the new bone formation was evaluated by HE staining and Masson’s trichrome staining, osteocalcin (OCN) was detected by immunohistochemical staining.ResultsThe cumulative release amount of rhBMP-2 was about 40% at 2 weeks, indicating sustained release effect of rhBMP-2; while the control group was almost released within 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, the combination of manual spine palpation, X-ray, and micro-CT evaluation showed that group D had the strongest bone formation (100%, 8/8), followed by group B (75%, 6/8), group C (37.5%, 3/8), and group A (12.5%, 1/8). Micro-CT analysis showed BMD and bone volume fraction were significantly higher in group D than groups A, B, and C (P<0.05), and in group B than groups A and C (P<0.05). HE staining, Masson’s trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry staining for OCN staining exhibited a large number of cartilage cells with bone matrix deposition, and an active osteogenic process similar to the mineralization of long bones in group D. The bone formation of group B was weaker than that of group D, and there was no effective new bone formation in groups A and C.ConclusionThe combination of sustained release of rhBMP-2 and freshly SVFs can significantly promote spinal fusion in rat model, providing a theoretical basis for further clinical applications.
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical features and EEG features of gelastic seizures, and analyze its value of lateral localization of epileptogenic area. MethodsAll patients with gelastic seizures admitted to the Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University between January 2014 and December 2023 were reviewed and analyzed for history, symptomatology, imaging, electroencephalographic features and surgical protocols in patients who met the inclusion criteria and were followed up for at least 1 year, and surgical efficacy was assessed by using the Engel grading. ResultsA total of 51 patients with gelastic seizures were included, there were 32 (62.75%) males and 19 (37.25%) females, 21 (41.18%) with hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) and 30 (58.82%) with non-hypothalamic hamartomas. The age of onset was earlier in the HH group than in the non-HH group, with a median age of onset of 24.00 (0.00 ~ 96.00) and 78.00 (1.00 ~ 396.00) months (P<0.001). There are three types of laughter according to their characteristics: smiling or pleasant expressions, laughing out loud, crying or bitter laughter, with smiling or pleasant expressions being the most common (49.02%). Simple laughter is rare in all patients and is often accompanied by other manifestations such as autonomic symptoms, automatic movements, complex movements, and tonic seizures. Most of the HH group started with laughter whereas in the non-HH group laughter appeared mostly in the mid to late stages (P=0.007). Most of the HH group (57.14%) had preserved consciousness whereas most of the non-HH group (83.33%) had loss of consciousness (P=0.003). The interictal discharges in the HH group were mostly diffuse or multiregional, whereas those in the non-HH group were mostly regional (P=0.035). The onset of EEG during the seizure period in the HH group was mostly diffuse, whereas those in the non-HH group were mostly regional, mainly in the frontal and temporal regions, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.148). The non-HH group was mostly seen in those with definite lesions, and the most common type of lesion was FCD (focal cortical dysplasia, FCD). All patients enrolled in the group underwent surgical treatment, and stereoelectroencephalogram (SEEG) electrode implantation was performed in 13 cases in the HH group and in 17 cases in the non-HH group. 61.90% of the patients in the HH group had an Engel grade I, and 73.33% of the patients in the non-HH group had an Engel grade I. ConclusionsGelastic seizures has a complex neural network, with common causes other than hypothalamic hamartomas, and is most commonly seen in frontal or temporal lobe epilepsy, as well as in the insula or parietal lobe, with the most common type of lesion being FCD. The symptomatology, stage of onset, and electroencephalographic features of gelastic seizures can help in the differential diagnosis, and SEEG can help define the origin of the seizure and its diffusion pathway. The overall prognosis of surgical treatment was better in both the hypothalamic hamartomas and non-hypothalamic hamartomas groups.