Parkinson’s disease patients have early vocal cord damage, and their voiceprint characteristics differ significantly from those of healthy individuals, which can be used to identify Parkinson's disease. However, the samples of the voiceprint dataset of Parkinson's disease patients are insufficient, so this paper proposes a double self-attention deep convolutional generative adversarial network model for sample enhancement to generate high-resolution spectrograms, based on which deep learning is used to recognize Parkinson’s disease. This model improves the texture clarity of samples by increasing network depth and combining gradient penalty and spectral normalization techniques, and a family of pure convolutional neural networks (ConvNeXt) classification network based on Transfer learning is constructed to extract voiceprint features and classify them, which improves the accuracy of Parkinson’s disease recognition. The validation experiments of the effectiveness of this paper’s algorithm are carried out on the Parkinson’s disease speech dataset. Compared with the pre-sample enhancement, the clarity of the samples generated by the proposed model in this paper as well as the Fréchet inception distance (FID) are improved, and the network model in this paper is able to achieve an accuracy of 98.8%. The results of this paper show that the Parkinson’s disease recognition algorithm based on double self-attention deep convolutional generative adversarial network sample enhancement can accurately distinguish between healthy individuals and Parkinson’s disease patients, which helps to solve the problem of insufficient samples for early recognition of voiceprint data in Parkinson’s disease. In summary, the method effectively improves the classification accuracy of small-sample Parkinson's disease speech dataset and provides an effective solution idea for early Parkinson's disease speech diagnosis.