We carried out study on surface electromyogram (sEMG) signal generated from cluster muscles in trunk and lower limbs on condition of human body walking with heavily burdened shoulder to explore functional status and fatigue property of human muscles and to offer an important reference for finding better ways of loading, improving the performance and design of backpack as well as weight-bearing system more suitable for ergonomics. We measured and obtained surface electromyography signals from the primary muscles clusters in neck, shoulder, back and leg of 20 test recipients loaded with different burdens on their shoulders. The eigenvalue of mean power frequency (MPF) were processed with SPSS 16.0. It could be concluded that with the increase of loading weights, male are more likely to be fatigued due to dramatic decrease of trapezius' MPF. While for the female test recipients, the cervical extensor muscles' MPF dropped significantly and were more easily fatigued. Moreover, there was a remarkable difference in terms of electromyography signal before and after the weight reaches certain limit (P<0.05) . The maximum weight limit loaded on shoulders for man is 12% of the total bodyweight while such limit for woman is just 9%.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the clinical effects of short-term and conventional fertilization for vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the clinical effects of short-term fertilization versus conventional fertilization for IVF-ET were searched in PubMed, The Cochrane Library (Issue 8, 2014), CBM, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP from inception to August 2014. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality of included studies. Then meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software. ResultsA total of six RCTs involving 1 373 patients were finally included. The results of meta-analysis indicated that:short-term fertilization was superior to conventional fertilization in increasing high quality embryo rates (OR=1.42, 95%CI 1.18 to 1.70, P=0.000 2) as well as clinical pregnancy rates (OR=1.67, 95%CI 1.33 to 2.09, P < 0.000 01). However, the two groups were alike in fertilization rates, polyspermy rates, and miscarriage rates. ConclusionCurrent evidence indicates that short-term fertilization is superior to conventional fertilization in increasing high quality embryo rates as well as clinical pregnancy rates. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, the above conclusion should be verified by conducting more large-scale, high quality RCTs with long-term follow-up.
Objective To systematically review indicators and methods of quality assessment for primary health care, to provide empirical evidence for quality improvement in this area. Methods We electronically searched databases including Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, EMbase, IDEAS, Jstor, SSRN, Popline and The Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2014) and network resources on World Bank, World Health Organization and Google from inception to April 2014. Empirical studies about quality assessment of primary care system, organization and personnel were collected. Data was extracted using pre-designed form for qualitative analysis and description. Results A total of 59 studies were included. The quality assessment for primary health care in practice was mainly from four dimensions: (1) emphasize on the implementation of such basic characteristics of primary health care as first contact, coordination, comprehensiveness and continuous; (2) focus on the evaluation of primary care contents, such as basic medical care, preventive care, chronic diseases, etc.; (3) based on the structure, process and outcome quality proposed by Donabedian; (4) emphasize on patients’ perceived quality. Seven relevant tools were widely used in the process of quality assessment in practice. Conclusion The majority of included studies were from developed countries while such empirical studies lacked in developing countries. Included studies varied in the connotation and angel of the primary health care quality, among which, the GPAS (General Practice Assessment Survey) used for evaluating pati ent perceived quality and PCAT (Primary Care Assessment Tools) used for evaluating the basic characteristics of primary care were widely used.
To evaluate the value of left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) using dual-gate Doppler and relative factors, we included 50 non-obesity and hypertension-free DM patients into the controlled group in the study along with 48 age-and-gender-matched healthy volunteer subjects. The peak early diastolic velocity (E), peak later diastolic velocity (A), deceleration time (DT), anterior mitral annulus diastolic peak velocity (e'), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), E/A, E/e', Tei index and TE-e' were measured with dual-gate Doppler. 20 subjects were randomly selected for repetitive analysis. Study showed statistical difference in E/A, DT, e', E/e', IVRT, Tei index and TE-e' between the two groups (P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed positive correlation between TE-e' and IVRT, course of DM patients and TE-e'(Beta=0.295, P=0.020), and HbA1C control level and TE-e'(Beta=0.399, P=0.010). Repeated analysis showed good reproducibility for both within and between groups. Dual-gate Doppler has clinical value in evaluating left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The course of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and HbA1C control level were both closely related with left ventricular diastolic function.
ObjectiveTo investigate the histological changes and vascularization of the porcine acellular dermal matrix (P-ADM) processed with matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) (P-ADM-pm) after implanted into rats. MethodsSixty-two pieces of porcine reticular layer dermis which were from the pig abdominal skin and obtained by using a mechanical method, were randomly divided into group A (n=31) and group B (n=31). The porcine reticular layer dermis in 2 groups were treated with decellularization (P-ADM), then the P-ADM in group B were treated with processing by MMP-7 (P-ADM-pm). Thirty adult male Wistar rats were selected. P-ADM (group A) and P-ADM-pm (group B) were subcutaneously transplanted into the left and right fascia lacuna, respectively. The implants were harvested from 6 rats at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after implantation, respectively. Gross, histochemical, and immunohistochemical observations, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination were performed to observe host cells, microvessels infiltration and histological changes in the implants. ResultsNo rat died in the experiment, incision healed well and no obvious inflammatory reaction was seen in all rats. Gross observation suggested that the implants of 2 groups were encapsulated by a thin layer of connective tissue at 7 days after implantation. With the time of implantation, the microvessels increased and coarsened, and the changes of group B were more obvious than those of group A. At 21 days, the microvessels of 2 groups decreased, and the implants of group B showed complete vascularization. The histochemical and immunohistochemical observations showed that group A had more severe inflammatory response than group B. Fibroblasts and microvessels in group B appeared in the superficial zone of implant at 3 and 7 days after implantation and they could be observed in the center zone of implant at 14 and 21 days. However, fibroblasts and microvessels in group A appeared in the superficial zone of implant at 3 and 14 days and they could not be observed in the center zone of implant at 28 days. Fibroblasts and microvessels of group B were significantly more than those of group A (P < 0.05). SEM examination showed that more fibroblasts and new collagen fibrils were observed in group B at 14 days. ConclusionThe host response to P-ADM-pm is similar to normal wound healing, and P-ADM-pm as implantable scaffold material plays a good template conduction role.