Objective To investigate the trends of cardiopulmonary bypass （CPB） professional development and personnel constitution in the past five years in China， and provide prediction and advice for the trend of Chinese CPB personnel constitution in the future. Methods We conducted 2 questionnaire investigations of Chinese hospitals in which cardiovascular surgeries were performed in the year 2005 and 2010， regarding the number of on-pump and off-pump cardiovascular operations and cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation （ECMO）. Data of CPB personnel constitution in the year 2005 and 2010 were analyzed. Results The total number of cardiovascular operation， on-pump cardiovascular operation and ECMO cases was 104 631， 86 155， and 68 respectively in 2005. The total number of cardiovascular operation， on-pump cardiovascular operation and ECMO cases was 170 547， 136 753， and 206 respectively in 2010. There were 708 CPB professionals in 2005， including 40.2% （285/708）full time perfusionists and 23.2% （164/708）perfusionists with senior professional titles. There were 2 111 CPB professionals in 2010， including 37.6% （793/2 111） full time perfusionists and 25.5% （539/2 111） perfusionists with senior professional titles. Conclusion There has been a rapid CPB professional development in the past five years in China. The proportion of full time perfusionists， perfusionists with senior professional titles and higher educational degree will further increase in the future.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) overexpression on the differentiation of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) into vascular endothelial cells.MethodsSHED was isolated from the retained primary teeth donated by healthy children by using collagenase digestion method. The third generation cells were identified by flow cytometry and alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining after osteogenic differentiation culture. The SHED were divided into blank control group (SHED without any treatment), empty group (SHED infected with empty lentivirus), HIF-1α overexpression group (SHED infected with HIF-1α overexpression lentivirus), Wnt inhibitor group (SHED interfered by IWR-1), and combination group (HIF-1α overexpressed SHED interfered by IWR-1). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to analyze the expressions of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in the SHED of blank control group, empty group, and HIF-1α overexpression group. Then the SHED in 5 groups were induced differentiation into vascular endothelial cells for 14 days. The expressions of cell surface marker molecule [von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD31] were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA expressions of vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), KDR (Kinase-inserted domain containing receptor), and VE-cadherin (VE) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of phosphate-glycogen synthasc kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) and β-catenin were analyzed by Western blot. The tube forming ability of induced cells was detected by Matrigel tube forming experiment. The ability of endothelial cells to phagocytic lipid after differentiation was detected by DiI-labeled acetylated low density lipoprotein (DiI-Ac-LDL) phagocytosis.ResultsAfter identification, the cells were SHED. After lentivirus transfection, compared with the blank control group and the empty group, the expressions of HIF-1α mRNA and protein in the HIF-1α overexpression group increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the blank control group and the empty group, the expressions of VCAM-1, KDR, and VE mRNA, the percentages of vWF positive cells and CD31 positive cells, and the relative expression of β-catenin protein were significantly higher (P<0.05), the relative expression of p-GSK3β protein was significantly lower (P<0.05), the number of tubules formed and the ability to phagocytic lipids significantly increased (P<0.05) in the HIF-1α overexpression group; while the indicators in the Wnt inhibitor group were opposite to those in the HIF-1α overexpression group (P<0.05). Compared with the HIF-1α overexpression group, the expressions of VCAM-1, KDR, and VE mRNA, the percentages of vWF positive cells and CD31 positive cells, and the relative expression of β-catenin protein were significantly lower (P<0.05), the relative expression of p-GSK3β protein was significantly higher, and the number of tubules formed and the ability of phagocytosis of lipids significantly reduced, showing significant differences between groups (P<0.05).ConclusionOverexpression of HIF-1α can promote SHED to differentiate into vascular endothelial cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.