目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）合并肺栓塞（PE）的临床特点。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月－2012年6月38例AECOPD合并PE患者（栓塞组）的临床资料，并与42例单纯AECOPD（对照组）临床资料进行对比。 结果 栓塞PE组不对称性下肢水肿发生率明显高于对照组（P＜0.05），另外肺动脉高压、D-二聚体及修改的Geneva评分与对照组比较存在一定差异，且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 AECOPD合并PE的临床表现并不特异，当AECOPD出现不对称性水肿、D-二聚体升高、肺动脉高压及修改的Geneva评分升高等表现不能解释原因时，要考虑PE的可能，并尽快选择CT肺动脉成像或肺动脉造影以明确诊断。
Astronauts who are exposed to weightless environment in long-term spaceflight might encounter bone density and mass loss for the mechanical stimulus is smaller than normal value. This study built a three dimensional model of human femur to simulate the remodeling process of human femur during bed rest experiment based on finite element analysis (FEA). The remodeling parameters of this finite element model was validated after comparing experimental and numerical results. Then, the remodeling process of human femur in weightless environment was simulated, and the remodeling function of time was derived. The loading magnitude and loading cycle on human femur during weightless environment were increased to simulate the exercise against bone loss. Simulation results showed that increasing loading magnitude is more effective in diminishing bone loss than increasing loading cycles, which demonstrated that exercise of certain intensity could help resist bone loss during long-term spaceflight. At the end, this study simulated the bone recovery process after spaceflight. It was found that the bone absorption rate is larger than bone formation rate. We advise that astronauts should take exercise during spaceflight to resist bone loss.