ObjectiveTo summarize the latest research progress of autophagy on regulation of tumor energy metabolism. MethodThe latest research progresses of the regulation mechanism of autophagy on the energy metabolism of tumor cells and the influence on the biologic behavior of tumor in recent years were reviewed. ResultThe autophagy could affect the biological behavior of the tumor by influence of the tumor cell glucose uptake, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. ConclusionsThe regulation of autophagy on tumor energy metabolism provides a theoretical basis for the survival mechanism of tumor under the stress condition. What's more, to research the mechanism of autophagy on regulation of energy metabolism and the effect on tumor biologic behavior will contribute to the development of new and more effective personalized anticancer therapy. As far as the research progress about tumor cells energy metabolism regulated by autophagy, what we must be revealed is whether other factors including oncogene, anti-oncogene, and signaling pathways take part in this regulation and what influence would be on the biological behavior of different tumors.
ObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of yes association protein (YAP) mechanisms regulatedby different signaling pathways in tumor cells in recent years. MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the YAP mechanisms regulated by different signaling pathways in tumor cells were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed database. ResultsIn addition to the traditional HIPPO pathway for the regulation of YAP, YAP is also regulated by the Rho-GTPases, JNK, and Wnt/β-Catenin signal pathways. ConclusionYAP is regulated by many factors in tumor cells, so better understand the mechanisms of YAP regulated by different signaling pathways will provide anovel putative target fortumor diagnosis and therapy in the future.
ObjectiveTo summarize the latest research advance of monocarboxylate transporter proteins in malignant tumors in recent years. MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the regulation of monocarboxylate transporter proteins and the regulation of bioenergetic metabolic mechanisms in malignant tumors were reviewed according to the literatures searched from domestic and foreign databases. ResultsThe abnormal high expression of the monocarboxylate transporter proteins existed in most of tumor cells' membrane, which endowed tumor cells high glycolysis rate and acid resistant phenotype, providing theoretical proofs for study of malignant biological behavior and therapeutic target of cancer cells. ConclusionsThe studies about the regulation of monocarboxylate transporter proteins on tumors' microenvironment and bioenergetic metabolism provide important clues for solving the mechanism of malignant biological behavior of tumor cells which based on abnormal bioenergetic metabolism. in this point, they also provide an opportunity for cancer treatment and are likely to become a new hotspot in cancer treatment.
ObjectiveTo investigate the significance of expression and correlation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and yes association protein (YAP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, and then explore the relationship between the 2 kinds of protein. MethodsA total of 120 patients' HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were collected retrospectively, who treated in our hospital from Apr. 2010 to Oct. 2013, the expressions of PKM2 and YAP protein in these HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were detected by SP immunohistochemical method, and then analyzed the relationship between the expressions of PKM2 and YAP ptotein with the clinicopathological features of HCC. Of the 120 patients, the expressions of YAP and PKM2 protein and its mRNA in 50 cases of HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were also examined by Western blot and real-time PCR methods respectively. Results① The immunohistochemical results showed that, the positive rate of PKM2 protein and YAP protein in HCC tissues were 67.50% (81/120) and 71.67% (86/120) respectively, which were both higher than those of adjacent tissues[PKM2 protein:20.83% (25/120); YAP protein:29.17% (35/120)], P < 0.050. ② The expression of PKM2 protein was significantly positively correlated with the expression of YAP protein in HCC tissues (r=0.519, P < 0.001). ③ In HCC tissues, the expression of PKM2 protein was significantly correlated with the diameter of tumor, TNM staging, differentiation of HCC, and lever of alpha fetal protein (P < 0.050), and the expression of YAP protein was significantly correlated with the differentiation of HCC and lever of alpha fetal protein (P < 0.050). ④ Western blot results showed that, the expression levels of PKM2 protein and YAP protein in HCC tissues were 1.25± 0.11 and 1.08±0.10 respectively, which were significantly higher than those of adjacent tissues (PKM2 protein:0.38±0.01, YAP protein:0.41±0.02), P < 0.050. ⑤ Real-time PCR assays results showed that, basing the expressions of PKM2 mRNA and YAP mRNA in adjacent tissues (both as 1), expressions of PKM2 mRNA and YAP mRNA in HCC tissues were 11.38±0.35 and 19.96±0.48 respectively, which were both higher than those of adjacent tissues (P < 0.050). ConclusionPKM2 and YAP protein were related to the initiation of HCC, and they were also closely correlated with the differentiation and prognosis of HCC.