Brain image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning is a research hotspot at present. In this paper, firstly, the significance of brain image segmentation and the content of related brain image segmentation algorithm are systematically described, highlighting the advantages of brain image segmentation algorithms based on deep learning. Then, this paper introduces current brain image segmentation algorithms based on deep learning from three aspects: the brain image segmentation algorithms based on problems existent to brain image, the brain image segmentation algorithms based on prior knowledge guidance and the application of general deep learning models in brain image segmentation, so as to enable researchers in relevant fields to understand current research progress more systematically. Finally, this paper provides a general direction for the further research of brain image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning.