Objective To investigate the impact of edaravone on serum reactive oxygen species during the perioperative period of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB）. Methods A total of 40 patients who underwent selective OPCAB in the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University between June 2011 and November 2012 were prospectively enrolled in this study. All the patients were randomly divided into a trial group and a control group by a random digitaltable method with 20 patients in each group. There were 13 males and 7 females in the trial group with their age of 40-67（51.8±11.5） years， and 9 males and 11 females in the control group with their age of 42-70 （53.5±13.1） years. Afteranesthesia induction， patients in the trial group received continuous intravenous infusion of edaravone 60 mg （diluted in 100 ml saline）， while patients in the control group received continuous intravenous infusion of saline 100 ml， both of whichwere finished within 30 minutes. Venous blood samples were taken 24 hours preoperatively （T1）， 1 hour after skin incision（T2）， at the end of the surgery （T3） and 24 hours postoperatively （T4） to examine the concentration of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA）. The data of the two groups were compared. Results All the patients successfully underwent their surgery and were included in the analysis. At the T2， T3 and T4 time point， SOD concentration was 80.3±21.3 U/ml， 78.5±17.4 U/ml and 81.4±17.5 U/ml， and MDA concentration was 10.2±1.8 nmol/ml， 11.3±1.9 nmol/ml，14.8±2.1 nmol/ml respectively in the control group；SOD concentration was 92.8±18.4 U/ml，90.0±18.1 U/ml，and 88.7±18.7 U/ml，and MDA concentration was 7.2±1.7 nmol/ml，8.2±1.2 nmol/ml，10.2±1.3 nmol/ml respectively in the trial group. At each above time point， SOD activity was significantly higher in the trial group than the control group （F=2.90，P=0.003；F=2.80，P=0.003；F=2.80，P=0.001）， and MDA concentration was significantly lower in the trial group than the control group （F=2.79，P=0.001；F=2.80，P=0.001；F=2.90，P=0.000）. Conclusion Edaravone can decrease serum reactive oxygen species caused by OPCAB and reduce myocardial injury.
Abstract： Objective To analyze clinical outcomes of intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP） application for high-risk patients before undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB）， and summarize our experience and weaning indications of IABP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 102 high-risk patients with coronary artery disease who underwent IABP implantation before OPCAB from January 2008 to July 2011 in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. There were 71 male patients and 31 female patients with their average age of 63.0±8.2 years in this IABP group. We also chose another 100 patients without IABP implantation before undergoing OPCAB as the control group， including 55 male patients and 45 female patients with their average age of 64.1±9.5 years. Postoperative systolic arterial blood pressure （SABP）， mean arterial blood pressure （MABP）， mechanical ventilation time， length of intensive care unit（ICU） stay， morbidity， duration of IABP treatment and in-hospital mortality of two groups were compared. Left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was evaluated with echocardiography 3 months after surgery. Results Postoperative SABP （95.3±12.2 mm Hg vs. 80.1±11.7 mm Hg；t=8.440， P=0.000） and MABP （78.9±13.5 mm Hg vs. 52.3±15.1 mm Hg； t=12.410， P=0.000） of the IABP group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Mechanical ventilation time， length of ICU stay and duration of inotropic support of the IABP group were significantly shorter than those of the control group. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia， low cardiac output syndrome， perioperative myocardial infarction and dialysis-requiring acute kidney failure of the IABP group were significantly lower than those of the control group. In-hospital mortality of the IABP group was significantly lower than that of the control group ［5.9% （6/102） vs. 17.0% （17/100）， χ 2 =6.180， P=0.020］. Ninety-six patients in the IABP group and 83 patients in the control group were followed up for 3 months. Three months after surgery， echocardiography showed that LVEF of the IABP group was significantly higher than that of the control group（45.3%±12.0% vs. 39.1%±8.2%， t=3.950， P=0.000）. Conclusion Preoperative prophylactic IABP implantation and optimal timing of weaning from IABP support can not only significantly reduce surgical risk and improve surgical outcomes and postoperative recovery of high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB， but also considerably ameliorate patient heart function and reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative low-dose oral amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation （AF） after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB） in patients older than 70 years. Methods A total of 156 patients older than 70 years who underwent OPCAB in Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Disease Hospital from January 2011 to June 2012 were included in this prospective，double-blind and placebo controlled study. Preoperatively，all the 156 patients were randomly divided into amiodarone group and control group. In the amiodarone group，there were 80 patients including 38 male and 42 female patients who were given oral amiodarone （trade name： Cordarone） 200 mg，three times a day，3-5 days before surgery，and amiodarone was stopped on the OPCAB day and postoperatively. Preoperative duration of amiodarone intake was 4.0±1.2 days，and total amiodarone dosage was 2.6±0.5 g. In the control group，there were 76 patients including 35 male and 41 female patients who were given oral placebo as the same medication schedule，and preoperative duration of placebo intake was 4.0±1.4 days. Operation time，graft number，postoperative AF incidence，AF duration，hospital stay and readmission rate for cardiovascular events within 6 postoperative months were compared between the two groups. Results There was no in-hospital death in either group. There was no statistical difference in graft number，operation time，AF duration of patients who had postoperative AF，or postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. Postoperative AF incidence of the amiodarone group was significantly lower than that of the control group ［18.7% （15/80） vs. 34.2% （26/76），P=0.028］. Seventy-three patients in the amiodarone group （91.3%） and 66 patients in the control group （86.8%） were followed up for 8-24 months. During follow-up，2 patients in the amiodarone group died of acute myocardial infarction and cerebral hemorrhage respectively. There was no statistical difference in readmission rate for cardiovascular events within 6 postoperative months between the 2 groups ［6.8% （5/73） vs. 6.1% （4/66），P=0.860］ .Conclusion Preoperative low-dose oral amiodarone can significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative AF in patients older than 70 years undergoing OPCAB.
Objective To investigate the use of intraoperative transit time flow measurement （TTFM） to accuratelyevaluate graft patency during sequential coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）. Methods Clinical data of 131 patientsundergoing sequential off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB） with the great saphenous vein （with or without internal mammary artery） as graft vessels in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from April 2012 to January 2013 were retrospectivelyanalyzed. There were 92 male and 39 female patients with their age of 61.35±8.24 years. During the operation，2 methods were used to measure mean blood flow volume，pulsatility index （PI） and diastolic filling （DF） of the graft vessels. For thenon-blocking method，blood flow in graft vessels was maintained，and TTFM was applied 2 cm proximal to the anastomoticsite in graft vessels to record above parameters. For the blocking method，blood flow in graft vessels was temporally blockedby clipping distal graft vessels with an atraumatic bulldog clamp，and TTFM was applied 2 cm proximal to the anastomotic site in graft vessels to record above parameters. Results Blood flow volumes of the diagonal branch （27.43±15.22 ml/minvs. 59.28±30.13 ml/min），obtuse marginal branch （26.14±19.74 ml/min vs. 47.19±24.27 ml/min） and posterior left ventr-icular branch （19.16±8.92 ml/min vs. 38.83±20.11 ml/min） measured by the blocking method were significantly smallerthan those measured by the non-blocking method （P＜0.05） . PI values of the diagonal branch （2.93±1.30 vs. 2.31±0.91），obtuse marginal branch （2.62±1.17 vs. 2.01±0.87） and posterior left ventricular branch （2.33±0.92 vs. 1.80±0.73） meas-ured by the blocking method were significantly higher than those measured by the non-blocking method （P＜0.05）. There was no statistical difference in DF values measured by 2 methods at respective anastomotic sites，and all DF values were higher than 50%. Non-blocking method identified 1 anastomotic site and blocking method identified 3 anastomotic sites that were not patent，and these anastomotic sites became patent after graft reconstruction. Conclusion Blood flow velocity of sequential grafts is higher than that of single grafts，indicating that sequential grafts have the advantages of high blood flow volume and low risk of thrombosis. Blocking method can more accurately evaluate graft patency at the anastomotic sites and sensitively identify graft vessels that are not patent，which is helpful for anastomotic site reconstruction in time and enhancement of successful rate of CABG.
Abstract： Objective To evaluate the effect of a surgical method for treating mild- to moderate-ischemic mitral regurgitation（IMR） using a self-designed device during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting（OPCAB）. Methods From September 2009 to August 2011, six patients（4 males, 2 females； age was 52-73 years） with mild- to moderate-IMR underwent OPCAB and concomitant mitral valvuloplasty using a self-designed device in Beijing An Zhen Hospital. Their degree of IMR, anteroposterior diameter of mitral annulus, left ventricular long-axis diameter, left ventricular short-axis diameter and left ventricular spherical index（left ventricular short-axis diameter/left ventricular long -axis diameter）were measured using transesophageal Doppler echocardiography before and after mitral valvuloplasty. Their mean aorta pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure and central venous pressure were also measured via Swan-Ganz catheter before and after mitral valvuloplasty. Perioperative cardiac function indexes were compared. Results There was no in-hospital death. IMR of all patients disappeared postoperatively. After mitral valvuloplasty their anteroposterior diameter of mitral annulus（3.43±0.08 cm vs.3.68±0.08 cm；t=5.430, P=0.001）, left ventricular short-axis diameter（4.80±0.21 cm vs.5.53±0.11 cm；t=7.530, P=0.001）and left ventricular spherical index（0.64±0.02 vs.0.74±0.01；t=11.110, P=0.002）significantly decreased than those before mitral valvuloplasty . But their left ventricular long-axis diameter and hemodynamic indexes did not change significantly after mitral valvuloplasty. All the six patients were followed up at the out-patient department 3 months postoperatively without autonomous symptoms. Their heart function improved to I class（New York Heart Association）. Echocardiography showed 4 patients without IMR and 2 patients with trace of minimalIMR. Conclusion Off-pump surgical therapy for mild- to moderate- IMR during OPCAB can help the patients reverseremodeling of the left ventricle, avoid the risks of cardiopulmonary bypass and improve cardiac function with good short-term effects. This method may be a good choice for treating patients with IMR.
Abstract： Objective?To summarize our experience of redo coronary artery bypass grafting（CABG） and explore appropriate redo CABG strategy for Chinese patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 27 patients who underwent redo CABG in People’s Hospital of Peking University from January 2000 to January 2010. There were 15 male patients and 12 female patients with their age of 41-84 （63±8） years. The mean time between the first CABG and the redo CABG was 45 （4-168） months. Preoperatively all the patients had unstable angina pectoris. Twenty-one patients were in New York Heart Association （NYHA） functional classⅠ-Ⅱ， and 6 patients were in NYHA functional classⅢ-Ⅳ. Preoperatively， their left ventricular end-diastolic dimension （LVEDD） was 41-69 （51.0±0.7） mm， and their left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was 32%-78% （58%±12%）. At the time of redo CABG for the 27 patients， there were 6 new coronary artery lesions， 7 left internal mammary artery （LIMA） lesions， 3 radial artery lesions （including 1 proximal anastomosis lesion alone） and 49 saphenous vein graft （SVG） lesions （including 3 proximal lesions alone and 3 distal lesions alone）.?Results?The surgical approach of redo CABG included median sternotomy in 18 patients， left lateral thoracotomy in 8 patients， upper midline abdomen and subxiphoid incision in 1 patient. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB） surgery was performed in 25 patients， but intra-operatively 2 patients underwent conversion to CABG under cardiopulmonary bypass. A total of 65 distal anastomoses and 41 proximal anastomoses were performed during redo CABG. A total of 10 LIMA， 3 right internal mammary artery (RIMA)， 16 left radial artery， 2 right radial artery and 17 SVG were used in redo CABG . There were 1-4 （2.4±0.8） distal anastomoses for each patients. The operation time was 170-530 （304±86）min. Postoperative transfusion was 0-10 （4.3±3.5） U packed red blood cells and 0-1 600 (685±549) ml fresh frozen plasma for each patient. Postoperative mechanical ventilation time was 6-156 （24±32） h and postoperative hospital stay was 7-35 （14±6） d . There was no in-hospital death. All the patients were discharged without any angina symptoms. A total of 26 patients were followed up and 1 patient was lost with the mean follow-up time of 80 （13-133） months. During follow-up， 16 patients were alive without angina symptoms， 4 patients died， and 6 patients had recurrent angina symptoms or heart failure. Conclusions OPCAB is an effective surgical strategy of redo CABG， but cardiopulmonary bypass should also be prepared. Arterial graft should be use as long as possible in redo CABG and the surgical strategy should be individualized.
Objective To investigate the clinical application of the right grstroepiploic artery (RGEA) in offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of the 38 patients who underwent RGEA grafts for OPCAB between December 2008 and July 2009 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. According to the difference of grafts, 76 patients undergoing OPCAB were divided into two groups. In the RGEA group, there were 38 patients including 36 males and 2 females with an age of 65.87±6.29 years. For the patients in this group, OPCAB was carried out with RGEA and other routine conduits as grafts. The control group had 38 patients including 35 males and 3 females with an age of 66.68±6.24 years. They underwent OPCAB with left internal mammary artery (LIMA), radial artery (RA), or saphenous vein (SV) as grafts. The intraoperative and postoperative clinical data for patients in both groups were analyzed and compared. Results All operations were carried out without serious complications like reoperation for bleeding, functional delayed gastric emptying, or severe infection, and no operative death occurred. Compared with the control group, operative time in the RGEA group was longer (295.53±45.16 min vs. 262.50±42.44 min,P=0.001), the number of anastomotic stomas [CM(159mm]was less (4.71±0.56 vs. 5.29±0.92, P=0.002), and less intraoperative plasma was consumed (194.74±186.30 ml vs. 565.79±382.70 ml, P=0.000). The 24 h drainage loss (394.71±205.36 ml vs. 536.32±258.85 ml, P=0.008), the blood cell consumption (1.67±1.48 U vs. 2.81±2.48 U, P=0.010) and the postoperative hospital stay (12.47±3.20 d vs. 15.47±9.31 d, P=0.035) were significantly lower in the RGEA group compared with those in the control group. Meanwhile, the time of postoperative mechanical ventilation time was longer in the RGEA group than that in the control group (1 398.82±1 349.94 min vs. 985.39±170.30 min, P=0.036). Seventytwo patients were followed up for a period from 9 to 17 months with 4 cases lost. No myocardial ischemia occurred in both groups of patients. Conclusion RGEA is an effective arterial conduit for OPCAB. It needs high technology and takes long operative time to apply RGEA in OPCAB.
Objective To investigate the effect of combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) on patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary heart diseases. Methods A total of 121 consecutive patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary artery diseases underwent CEA and OPCAB between January 2003 and December 2009 in Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. There were 81 males and 40 females, with their ages ranged from 62 to 72 years (67.2±4.5 years). All patients had 3vessel coronary artery lesions, and there were 3 cases of left main coronary artery lesion. Unilateral carotid arteriostenosis (≥50%) occurred in 95 patients, and bilateral (≥50%) in 26 patients. The occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and other complications after operation was observed, and followup was carried out. Results All patients underwent unilateral CEA including 50 on the right side and 71 left. The mean block time of carotid artery in CEA was 20.5±7.0 minutes. The average number of distal grafts per patient in OPCAB was 2.9±0.3. None of the patients had stroke or myocardial infarction and no perioperative death occurred. Eightyseven patients felt well in terms of their neuropsycho symptoms; 32 felt no change; and 2 worsened. Follow-up was done for all the patients with a follow-up rate of 100%. The mean time of the follow-up was 67.5±12.5 months. During this period, none of the patients manifested stroke, myocardial infarction or neuropsycho symptoms. Conclusion Concomitant OPCAB and CEA is a safe and effective procedure in patients with carotid arteriostenosis and coronary artery diseases. It can reduce the rate of postoperative stroke significantly. However, longterm outcome of the procedure needs operative experience accumulation, longterm follow-up and observation, and serious research and illumination.
Abstract: Objective To compare the midterm patency rates of individual and sequential saphenous vein grafts (SVG) as coronary bypass conduits of offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) and evaluate the impact of the grafting techniques (individual or sequential grafts) on the graft patencyafter OPCAB. Methods The clinical data of 398 patients in General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army receiving OPCAB with individual and sequential grafts from June 2005 to March 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 301 males and 97 females with their age ranged from 53 to 82 years (63.6±10.3 years). A total of 714 distal coronary anastomoses on 448 SVG were assessed by using 64multislice computed tomography (64MSCTA) at an average of 19.8±23.6 months (3 months to 5 years) after OPCAB procedure. The blood flow of grafts in the proximal segment of individual and sequential SVG and the patency rates of grafts and anastomoses were compared, and the effect of different locations on the patency rate of the anastomoses was analyzed. Results The mean blood flow in double SVG (37.11±16.70 ml/min vs. 25.15±14.24 ml/min, P0.042) and in triple SVG (37.56±19.58 ml/min vs. 25.15±14.24 ml/min, P=0.048) were both significantly higher than the flow in single SVG. The anastomoses on the sequential conduits had better patency (95.1％ vs. 90.1％, P=0.013). The patency of sideto side anastomoses was better than that of endtoside anastomoses (97.0% vs. 93.1%, P=0.002) and that of the individual endtoside anastomoses (97.0% vs. 90.1%, P=0.041). There was no significant difference between distal anastomoses in sequential and those in single grafts (P=0.253). No significant difference was observed between the two methods in regard to the three major coronary systems (including the anterior descending branch, the right coronary artery, and the circumflex branch). However, anastomoses on sequential grafts had superior patency to those on individual grafts in the right coronary system (P=0.008). Conclusion The midterm patency of a sequential SVG conduit after OPCAB is excellent and generally superior to that of an individual one. The best runoff coronary artery should be placed at the distal end and the poor coronary vessels should be arranged in the middle of the grafts.
Abstract: Objective To explore the inhospital mortalityrelated risk factors in the patients undergoing offpump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 215 patients undergoing OPCAB in our hospital from November 2007 to November 2008. There were 171 males and 44 females aged between 40 and 85 years old. Among them, there were 47 patients older than 70 years old. All of them were coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with triple vessel disease. We adopted univarialble analysis and logistic multivariable regression analysis to screen the risk factors for the mortality of OPCAB. Results Six patients died in hospital after OPCAB with a mortality rate of 2.79% (6/215). No renal dysfunction or respiratory failure occurred. The rate of reoperation for bleeding was 4.65% (10/215) and all the 10 patients having undergone reoperation were alive. A total of 209 patients were all alive after 1year follow-up. The results of logistic multivariable regression analysis showed that New York Heart Association (NYHA) Ⅲ and Ⅳ heart function (OR=42.116，95% CI 3.319 to 534.465，P=0.004) and mechanical ventilation duration (OR=1.007，95%CI 1.001 to 1.013，P=0.028) were independent risk factors for inhospital mortality of OPCAB. Conclusion OPCAB is an effective and safe treatment for CAD with triple vessel disease. NYHA Ⅲ and Ⅳ heart function and mechanical ventilation time after OPCAB are the risk factors for OPCAB inhospital mortality, yet, needs further study with large sample.