Objective To observe the expression of hepcidin-ferroportin (FPN) pathway in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat model and to explore the mechanism of its involvement in renal fibrosis in CKD. Methods A total of 20 6-week-old male SD rats without specific pathogen were selected. The rats were divided into control group and CKD group, with 10 rats in each group, using a simple random method. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the second and sixth weeks after modeling. The levels of serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and 24 h urine protein quantification were measured. The pathological changes of rats were observed. The iron content of rat kidney tissue was detected by colorimetric method, and the level of serum hepcidin-25 was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method in both groups. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the renal protein and mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type Ⅰ (Col-Ⅰ), FPN1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) P65. Results Compared with the control group, the levels of Scr, BUN, and 24 h urine protein quantification were higher in the CKD group at the end of the second and sixth weeks of modeling (P<0.05). The results of renal tissue staining showed that the CKD group had obvious glomerular structural disorders, tubular dilation, and interstitial collagen fiber deposition. Compared with the control group, the serum hepcidin-25 level and the iron content of kidney tissues in the CKD group were significantly higher, and correlation analysis suggested that both were positively correlated with the renal function of rats (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the protein and mRNA expression levels of α-SMA, Col-Ⅰ, HAMP, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB P65 were higher (P<0.05), while FPN1 expression was lower in CKD group at the end of the second and sixth weeks of modeling (P<0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that HAMP mRNA expression was positively correlated with α-SMA, Col-Ⅰ, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 (P<0.001), which was negatively correlated with FPN1 mRNA expression (P<0.001). FPN1 mRNA expression was significantly negatively correlated with α-SMA, Col-Ⅰ (P<0.001). Conclusions Ferroptosis may be present in the adenine-induced rat model of CKD, and it may be involved in the process of renal fibrosis through the interaction of HAMP-FPN signaling pathway with the inflammatory response. Serum hepcidin-25 is expected to be a serological marker for the early diagnosis of CKD.