In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, China. The lung imaging finding is like that of the lung cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) associated pneumonia. Therefore, we speculated that they may have similar pathogenesis and treatment strategies, which is reviewed in this article in order to provide some reference to timely and effectively reduce the fatality rate of COVID-19.
Objective To summarize the research status and prospect of immunotherapy for biliary tract cancer (BTC). Method The literatures about immunotherapy of BTC at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed. Results Surgical resection was still the first choice and only radical treatment for BTC. However, the recurrence rate of BTC was high, and most of the patients were in the middle and late stage with metastasis and lose the opportunity of operation. Patients with local progression, metastasis or recurrence could only receive chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment, but they could not get satisfactory results. The continuous update of targeted drugs brings new hope for drug therapy of BTC, and immunotherapy had become a new treatment of tumor targeted therapy following radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ConclusionImmunotherapy can be used as an option for the treatment of advanced BTC and its postoperative recurrence and metastasis, and has attracted more and more attention.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although improvement has been achieved in platinum-based chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors-based molecular targeted therapy, they still have limitations. Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a very effective new treatment, and there is now growing enthusiasm in cancer immunotherapy worldwide. We summarized the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical trials, and the current status and progress of anti programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents in lung cancer treatment. Attention has been paid to finding out the factors which influence the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and reducing the occurrence of adverse events.
Objective To systematically review the sex differences in efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods We conducted a computer search of Medline, The Cochrane Library, and EMbase from inception to November 2022 to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of ICIs for NSCLC patients. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results Finally 16 RCTs with a total of 9 653 patients were included, and all were evaluated as high-quality literature using the modified Jadad scale. Meta-analysis results showed that in female NSCLC patients receiving immune therapy, the median overall survival (OS) [HR=0.72, 95%CI(0.61, 0.85), P<0.001] was longer than in males [HR=0.73, 95%CI(0.69, 0.78), P=0.401]. Males [HR=0.64, 95%CI(0.58, 0.71), P=0.171] had an advantage over females [HR=0.76, 95%CI(0.57, 1.03), P<0.001] in median progression-free survival (PFS). Conclusion Females receiving ICIs have immunotherapeutic advantages in terms of median OS compared to males, while males are more likely to benefit statistically in terms of median PFS than females.
ObjectiveTo analyze the CT features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonia (CIP) and improve the diagnostic accuracy of CIP. MethodsAmong patients with malignant tumor treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, those who developed pneumonia and rule out other causes of disease were identified. Chest CT Imaging were reviewed to assess special signs, distribution characteristics, severity of pneumonia and radiographic patterns of CIP. ResultsA total of 28 patients were enrolled, including 26 males and 2 females. CT features include ground-glass opacity, centrilobular nodularity, reticular opacity, consolidation, traction bronchiectasis, honeycomb, etc. The lesions predominant involved peripheral lung zone (17/28), lower lung zone (18/28) and posterior lung zone (18/28), with a diffuse distribution (23/28). In most cases the disease involved both lungs (23/28), and a few involved unilateral or single lobe. The most common affected lobes were the lower lobe of the right lung (25/28) and the lower lobe of the left lung (20/28), followed by the upper lobe of the right lung (18/28). Mean pneumonia severity score was 5.5, standard deviation was 3.8, and range was 1 - 15. The most common radiographic patterns of CIP were nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (11/28) and hypersensitivity pneumonia (10/28). The second was organizing pneumonia (6/28). ConclusionsThe CT manifestations of CIP have certain specificity. Combined with the history of drug treatment and clinical symptoms of patients, the early and correct diagnosis can be obtained.
ObjectiveTo recognize the latest research progress of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). MethodThe domestic and international literature on immunotherapy for AGC in recent years were retrieved and reviewed. ResultsThe immunotherapy for AGC mainly focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cellular immunity, and antitumor vaccines. The most immunotherapy researched was ICIs, especially for programmed death protein-1 / programmed death protein ligand 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4, and lymphocyte activating gene 3. The cellular immunotherapy and tumor vaccine therapy were less relatively. Although immunotherapy alone did not have a particularly good effect, its therapeutic effect was not inferior to that of chemotherapy alone and the incidence of adverse reactions was lower. Moreover, most studies had concluded that the use of immunotherapy in combination with other therapy had shown a good clinical efficacy, especially in combination with anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibody, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting Claudin 18.2 site had promising results in the AGC. ConclusionsWith the development of immunotherapy research, the strategies of immunotherapy for AGC are also constantly improving. Precision medicine is important in the process of immunotherapy. Targeted screening suitable patients and adopting precise treatment can further benefit the survival of patients with AGC.