ObjectiveTo three-dimensionally calculate the craniofacial parameters of midface of patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) in China, in order to understand the changes in the spatial position relationship between the various anatomical structures of the midface.MethodsCT imaging data of TCS patients and age- and gender-matched normal populations between January 2013 and July 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. A total of 33 cases met the selection criteria for inclusion in the study, including 14 cases in the TCS group and 19 cases in the control group. ProPlan CMF 3.0 software was used to perform three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the craniofacial bone, measure the anatomical parameters of the midface, and analyze its morphological structure; at the same time perform three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the upper airway for morphological analysis (measure upper airway volume).ResultsCT images analysis revealed that all 14 patients with TCS presented the typical features with downward slanting of the palpebral fissures and different degrees of zygomatico-orbital complex dysplasia. Cephalometric and morphological analysis of the midface revealed that, multiple transverse diameters of the midface of TCS patients were significantly decreased when compared with the control group (P<0.05), such as the width of the maxillary base, the length of the maxillary complex, and some distances related to the nasal morphology; but the distance between bilateral orbitales increased in TCS group (P<0.05). Several anteroposterior distances in TCS group were decreased significantly when compared to control group and the distance between the skull base point and the posterior nasal spine was the most shortened (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference of the distance between nasion and anterior nasal spine, which represented anterior midface height, between groups (P>0.05). The skull base angle and SNB angle (the angle between the sella point-nose root point-inferior alveolar seat point) of the TCS group both decreased when compared with the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in SNA angle (the angle between the sella point-nose root point-upper alveolar seat point) between the two groups (P>0.05). The total volume of the upper airway was (24 621.07±8 476.63) mm3 in the TCS group, which was significantly lower than that of the control group [(32 864.21±13 148.74) mm3] (t=2.185, P=0.037).ConclusionThe transverse distances, anteroposterior distances, and multiple craniofacial angles measurement of TCS patients were significantly decreased when compared to the control group, presented with different degrees of zygomatico-orbital complex dysplasia, nasal and maxillary dysplasia, but there was no obvious restriction in face height development. Reduced internal diameters of the upper airway maybe responsible for the decreased upper airway volume of patients with TCS.
To achieve non-contact measurement of human heart rate and improve its accuracy, this paper proposes a method for measuring human heart rate based on multi-channel radar data fusion. The radar data were firstly extracted by human body position identification, phase extraction and unwinding, phase difference, band-pass filtering optimized by power spectrum entropy, and fast independent component analysis for each channel data. After overlaying and fusing the four-channel data, the heartbeat signal was separated using frost-optimized variational modal decomposition. Finally, a chirp Z-transform was introduced for heart rate estimation. After validation with 40 sets of data, the average root mean square error of the proposed method was 2.35 beats per minute, with an average error rate of 2.39%, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97, a confidence interval of [–4.78, 4.78] beats per minute, and a consistency error of –0.04. The experimental results show that the proposed measurement method performs well in terms of accuracy, correlation, and consistency, enabling precise measurement of human heart rate.
To assess the rel iabil ity of diabetic cutaneous ulcer surface area (DCUSA) measurement usingdigital planimetry method (A) and transparency tracing method (B). Methods Images of diabetic cutaneous ulcers from35 inpatients with diabetic skin ulcers from September 2005 to April 2007 were taken by a digital camera once a week or twice a week over a period of 12 weeks, resulting in 305 photographs; the ulcers were traced on a grid with acetate wound tracings, simultaneously. A total of 305 pairs of DCUSA which were calculated respectively throughout digital camera combined with Image J medical imaging software and transparency tracing with grid sheet by two independent observers sequentially were obtained. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs, one-way random effect model) was used as an indicator of chancecorrected agreement to estimate the relative rel iabil ity for the interobserver data. Multiple l inear regression analysis was also used to measure the relationship of these two methods. Results DCUSA obtained from method A and obtained from method B was (4.84 ± 7.73) cm2 and (5.03 ± 7.89) cm2, respectively; no significant difference was found (P gt; 0.05). ICCs was high (ICCs=0.949 for method B and 0.965 for method A), indicating that the relative rel iabil ity for the interobserver was excellent. The method A were highly correlated with measurements obtained from method B (r = 0.957, P lt; 0.05). Conclusion The digital planimetry method described in this study represents a simple, practical, without any wound damage and contamination, and inexpensive technique to accurately evaluate the areas of diabetic cutaneous ulcers. The photographic technique combined with Image J medical imaging software should be considered for wound measurement.
Repeated measurement quantitative data is a common data type in clinical studies, and is frequently utilized to assess the therapeutic effects of the intervention measures at a single time point in clinical trials. This study clarifies the concepts and calculation methods for sample size estimation of repeated measurement quantitative data, in order to explore the research question of "comparing group differences at a single time point", from three perspectives: the primary research questions in clinical studies, the main statistical analysis methods and the definitions of the primary outcome indicators. Discrepancies in sample sizes calculated by various methods under different correlation coefficients and varying numbers of repeated measurements were examined. The study revealed that the sample size calculation method based on the mixed-effects model or generalized estimating equations accounts for both the correlation coefficient and the number of repeated measurements, resulting in the smallest estimated sample size. Secondly, the sample size calculation method based on covariance analysis considers the correlation coefficient and produces a smaller estimated sample size than the t-test. The t-test based sample size calculation method requires an appropriate approach to be selected according to the definition of the primary outcome measure. The alignment between the sample size calculation method, the statistical analysis method and the definition of the primary outcome measure is essential to avoid the risk of overestimation or underestimation of the required sample size.
ObjectiveThrough the analysis on outcome measurements in domestic and overseas randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of smoking cessation, this study aimed to provide references for clinical trial design in the future. MethodsWe searched CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, PubMed, EMbase, ScienceDirect and SpringLink databases to collect RCTs regarding smoking cessation from January 1998 to December 2013. Two reviewers screened literature according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria, extracted the data, and analyzed the outcome measurements of included RCTs. ResultsA total of 68 RCTs regarding smoking cessation were included. As for the baseline measurements, the frequency from high to low were age, sex, daily cigarette, smoking duration, Fagerstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence (FTND), race and education, etc.; there were significant differences of race, education level, smoking duration, smoking, starting age of smoking, attempts of trying to stop smoking, the presence of other basic disease, FTND and quit date between English and Chinese RCTs (all P<0.05). As for efficacy measurements, the continuous abstinence rate (77.8%) was mainly adopted in Chinese RCTs, while point abstinence rate (95.1%) and continuous abstinence rate (82.9%) was selected in English RCTs. As for the follow-up measurements, 22.1% of the included RCTs did not report it, 70.6% of the RCTs reported abstinence rate, and the follow-up time in Chinese RCTs was shorter than that in the English RCTs (P<0.05). ConclusionThe selection of outcome measurements is significantly different among RCTs regarding smoking cessation, the Chinese RCTs are inferior to English RCTs, and these are needed to be improved in the future clinical trials.
Accurate measurements of voltage and current from electrosurgery are the basis of development of electrosurgery with feedback function. We, therefore, developed a parameter measurement system based on PC, with high voltage and current from electrosurgery being sensed with transformers, amplified, filtered, transformed into single-ended signals, and then into RMS signals. The root mean square (RMS) signals were transformed into digital signals through DAQ card and the data was processed in PC with Labview. The process included sampling, displaying and storage. The experiment results indicated that the measurement system could measure the output parameters from electrosurgery steadily and correctly so that the development of the system has been successful. It can be the basis of development of embedded parameters measurement system and can provide accurate feedback information for intellectual electrosurgery.
ObjectiveTo review the evaluation method of paraspinal muscle and its role in lumbar spine diseases, and offer reference for further research on paraspinal muscles.MethodsThe related literature of paraspinal muscle measurement and its role in lumbar spine diseases was reviewed. The evaluation methods of paraspinal muscle were analyzed from the advantages and disadvantages and the role of paraspinal muscle in lumbar spine diseases was summarized.ResultsRadiographic methods are often used to evaluate the atrophy of paraspinal muscle, mainly including CT and MRI. The cross-sectional area and fatty infiltration of paraspinal muscle are two key parameters. Radiographic methods are reproducible and widely applied, but CT has the disadvantage of radiation exposure, while the cost of MRI is high. Besides, more and more researchers focus on the functional evaluation of paraspinal muscle, which mainly includes surface electromyogram analysis and back muscle strength test. The surface electromyogram analysis can quantitatively measure neuromuscular function, but the results could be affected by many influencing factors. The back muscle strength test is simple, but it lacks standardized posture. The atrophy of paraspinal muscle is related to many lumbar spine diseases, while the results of different researches are different.ConclusionThere are many methods to evaluate paraspinal muscles, but there is no unified standard. The role of paraspinal muscle in lumbar spine diseases need to be further studied.
Objective To investigate and analyze the three-dimensional anatomic structure of glenoid bone in some Chinese people so as to provide the accurate anatomic data to design the new prosthesis of glenoid bone for Chinese people. Methods A total of 90 volunteers with two healthy shoulders (52 males and 38 females, aging 19-60 years with an average of 39.6 years) were selected. Five parameters were measured by use of three-dimensional computed tomography, volumerendering technique (VRT) and multiplanar reformation (MPR), including the maximum antero-posterior width (MAPW),antero-posterior radius of curvature (APROC), maximum supero-inferior height (MSIH), supero-inferior radius of curvature(SIROC) and version angle (VA) of glenoid. All parameters were measured two times, and the average values were analysed by SPSS13.0. The level of significance was set at P lt; 0.05. Results The average MAPW was (2.51 ± 0.32) cm, the average APROC was (5.50 ± 1.21) cm, the average MSIH was (3.45 ± 0.29) cm, the average SIROC was (3.98 ± 0.55) cm, and the average VA was (— 0.03 ± 4.66)°. There were no significant differences (P gt; 0.05) in MAPW, APROC, MSIH, SIROC and VA between two sides. There were significant differences (P lt; 0.05) in MAPW, MSIH, SIROC and VA, and no significant difference (P gt; 0.05) in APROC between female and male. MAPW was correlated with APROC, MAPW was correlated with MSIH, APROC was correlated with SIROC, and the correlation coefficient was 0.298, 0.495 and 0.262, respectively. Conclusion There are no significant differences in MAPW, APROC, MSIH, SIROC and VA of glenoid between two sides. There are sexual significant differences in MAPW, MSIH, SIROC and VA. The data and its statistical results may serve as guidel ines for the design of the glenoid component.
ObjectiveTo introduce a new bone defect model based on the anatomical measurement of radius and ulna in rabbits for offering a standard model for further tissue engineering research. MethodsFifteen healthy 4-month-old New Zealand rabbits were selected for anatomic measurement and radiological measurement of the radius and ulna. Another 30 healthy 4-month-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into groups A, B, and C (n=10). The radius bone defect was created bilaterally in 3 groups. In group A, the periosteum and interosseous membranes were fully removed with jig-saw by approach between extensor carpi radialis muscle and musculus extensor digitorum. The periosteum and interosseous membranes were fully removed in group B, and only periosteum was removed in group C with electric-saw by approach between extensor carpi radialis muscle and flexor digitorum profundus based on anatomical analysis results of ulnar and radial measurement. The gross observation, X-ray, micro-CT three-dimensional reconstruction, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were observed and recorded at immediate and 15 weeks after operation. HE staining and Masson staining were performed to observe bone formation in the defect areas. ResultsBlood vessel injury (1 rabbit), tendon injury (2 rabbits), postoperative hematoma (1 rabbit), and infection (1 rabbit) occurred in group A, postoperative infection (1 rabbit) in group C, and no postoperative complications in group B; the complication rate of group A (50%) was significantly higher than that of groups B (0%) and C (10%) (P<0.05). The radiological examination showed bone defects were fully repaired in groups A and B at 15 weeks, but bridging callus formation was observed in group C. There was no significant difference in BMC and BMD among 3 groups (P>0.05). HE staining and Masson staining results showed bone formation in group A, with structure disturbance and sclerosis. New bone formed in groups B and C, cartilage cells were observed in the center of bone cells. ConclusionThe radius bone defect model established by approach between extensor carpi radialis muscle and flexor digitorum profundus is an ideal model because of better exposures, less intra-operative blood loss, less complications. Interosseous membranes play a role in bone tissue repair process, and the mechanism needs further study.
Objective To summarize the clinical application of esophagogastrostomy with layered anastomosis and to observe the healing quality of anastomotic stoma in animal experiments. Methods One thousand and twenty-four patients suffered from carcinoma of esophagus or carcinoma of gastric cardia had undergone esophagogastrostomy by layered anastomosis with absorbable suture. Twenty-four experimental dogs (adult male healthy hybrid dogs) were divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The former (experimental group) underwent the layered anastomosis, the diameter of esophagogastric stoma and the length and depth of stomal scar were measured under anesthesia in both groups on 5th,8th,14th,and 42th postoperative day, respectively. So were done the histological measurement, such as the count infiltrating inflammatory cells, the proliferation of blood capillary and other cells. And the cytokines related to wound healing (LsAB technique) such as epidermal growth factor(EGF), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) were detected, either. Results One thousand and twenty-four patients had no anastomotic leakage. There were only 6 patients suffered from mild anastomotic stricture, and they got well after one dilatation. The results of the measurement of 24 experimental dogs revealed that, in the experimental group, the mucosa was in good connecting condition, had a soften anastomotic stoma and a thin scar. The counts of inflammatory cells and fibroblast showed more in number at the early time after operation (Plt;0.05), while showed less in number at the advanced time of operation (Plt;0.05). In the control group, however, the mucosa were in a bad connecting condition, the scar was thicker, and the muscle layer was frequently exposed. The counts of inflammatory cells and fibroblast were fewer at the early time after operation, however, they had a clearly tendency of increasing at the anaphase after the operation. On the cytokines related to the healing of wound in the experimental group, there was a high expression and activity at the early period. There were a little expression up to postoperative 42 d. Whereas, in the control group, there had a low expression level,increased clearly on postoperative 8 d, and still a higher expression up to postoperative 42 d. Conclusions The esophagogastrostomy by layered anastomosis has a high healing quality with a thin scar. The proliferation of cells and the expression of growth factors benefits the normal healing of wound by first intention.