This paper is to reveal how the traditional practice is being challenged by evidence-based medicine and it also indicates where does the best evidence come from, how to find and classify them. This paper will also show the clinicians how to practice evidence-based medicine, especially in the treatment of respiratory disease in a step by step fashion. Finally this paper will guide the Chinese physicians how to solve the commonly confronting problems in practicing evidence-based medicine.
Objectives Re-evaluation the clinical evidence of. anti-virus medicines for virosis communicable respiratory disease on the effectiveness, safety and health economy. Methods To search CL (2003 Issue 1), Medline (1966-2003.5), CCOHTA, SBU, NICE and NCCHTA and collect all CSRs and HTA with computer . The quality of evaluation partly based on QUOROM will be done before results analysed. If heterogeneity does not exist in CSRs and HTA, a Meta-analysis will be re-conducted. Results 4 CSRs (38 RC, n=22 835) and 5 HTA (28 RCT, n=139 281) were included. Due to the significant heterogeneity between these studies, further Meta-analysis could not be conducted, and descri ptive conclusions were conducted only. Conclusions Neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir and oseltamivir) are more effective than placebo in reducing the duration of symptoms of patients with basic disease, and have limited effectiveness in health adults. But, both are well tolerated and reduce the rate of contracting influenza in all individuals. For prevention, neuraminidase inhibitors cost more and are not suitable as first-line drug. 2. Diamantane is more effective than placebo in reducing the duration of having fever, and effectively prevents the influenza A. Amantadine and rimantadine have comparable effectiveness in the prevention, although rimantadine induces fewer adverse effects than amantadine. 3. The number of the childrenpatients of upper respiratory tract infection prevented and treated by ribavirin is too small to draw any conculsion now.
Objective To explore the pathogenesis of acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) by bioinformatics analysis of neutrophil gene expression profile in order to find new therapeutic targets. Methods The gene expression chips include ARDS patients and healthy volunteers were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes were carried out through GEO2R, OmicsBean, STRING, and Cytoscape, then enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathways was conducted to investigate the biological processes involved in ARDS via DAVID website. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed 86 differential genes achieved through the GEO2R website. Eighty-one genes were included in the STRING website for protein interaction analysis. The results of the interaction were further analyzed by Cytoscape software to obtain 11 hub genes: AHSP, ALAS2, CD177, CLEC4D, EPB42, GPR84, HBD, HVCN1, KLF1, SLC4A1, and STOM. GO analysis showed that the differential gene was enriched in the cellular component, especially the integrity of the plasma membrane. KEGG analysis showed that multiple pathways especially the cytokine receptor pathway involved in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Conclusions A variety of genes and pathways have been involved in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Eleven hub genes are screened, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of ARDS and can be used in subsequent studies.
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive intervention to the chronic respiratory diseases, that its benefits in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been well established. Localization of PR in China is one of the key health strategies as there are nearly 100 million patients with COPD which causes huge disease burden. In addition, the evidence of PR for patients with other chronic respiratory diseases and post-thoracic surgery should be accumulated too. Now clinician, patients, and policy makers have few recognition of PR, which needs large-scaled standardized training and popularizing. This article starts with the definition of PR, reviews its population, implementation, settings, as well as the current situation of PR in our country in order to make clinicians, researchers, and policy makers have better understanding of PR and to make some suggestions on direction of the future research and clinical work.
In China, chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are characterized by high prevalence, disability rate, and mortality rate, imposing a severe disease burden. Home non-invasive ventilation (HNIV) therapy can improve ventilation, alleviate respiratory muscle fatigue, enhance oxygenation and carbon dioxide retention, delay the progression of various CRD, and even improve survival. However, there is currently a lack of long-term management standards and standardized guidance for patients receiving HNIV therapy in China. The Respiratory Therapy Group of the Chinese thoracic Society and Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, has summarized 11 questions related to HNIV for different diseases, answered various questions, and put forward modification suggestions. This consensus aims to provide references for frontline clinical staff, promote the standardization of HNIV application in China, and improve the level of treatment.Summary of recommendationsQuestion 1. For which patients is HNIV suitable?Recommendation: HNIV is recommended for patients with ventilatory dysfunction due to various causes, such as: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [high-quality evidence, strong recommendation], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [high/moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation], obesity hypoventilation syndrome [moderate/low-quality evidence, strong recommendation], and neuromuscular diseases [low-quality evidence, strong recommendation].Question 2. When should HNIV be initiated?Recommendation: The timing for initiating HNIV therapy should be based on a comprehensive assessment of disease diagnosis, severity, symptoms, and comorbidities. Early standardized intervention is a crucial measure for improving prognosis and reducing long-term disease burden. Specific recommended indications are listed in Table 2. [high/moderate quality evidence, strong recommendation]Question 3. How should health education on HNIV be conducted?Recommendation: All HNIV patients should receive educational training. The five-step training method is recommended as the preferred approach for educating HNIV patients and their families. [Moderate-quality evidence, weak recommendation]Question 4. How to properly select a home non-invasive ventilator?Recommendations: When selecting a home non-invasive ventilator, patients should first consult a professional physician or respiratory therapist to obtain specialized advice based on their specific condition. Physicians should make decisions by comprehensively considering the patient’s disease type and severity, ventilator modes and parameters, synchrony, comfort, remote monitoring requirements, and financial circumstances. Refer to Table 3 for ventilation mode selection based on different diseases.Question 5. How should accessories for HNIV be selected?Recommendation: Mask selection should be based on disease type, dynamic assessment of the patient’s breathing pattern, and patient preference, with regular reassessment of fit during follow-up [High/moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation]. Active heated humidifiers are recommended as the first choice for HNIV patients [Low-quality evidence, weak recommendation].Question 6. How should HNIV parameters be set and adjusted?Recommendation: Parameter adjustments should be performed in hospital and community settings. Long-term home use should only commence after confirming appropriate and safe settings. Avoid patients or caregivers making arbitrary adjustments that may cause adverse events. [Moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation]Pressure settings for NIV should be tailored to the patient’s underlying disease and clinical objectives. Additional parameters including backup rate, inspiratory sensitivity, pressure rise time, and expiratory sensitivity must also be configured. The setup process is summarized in Figure 1. [Moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation]Question 7. What is the recommended daily usage duration for HNIV?Recommendation: For patients using HNIV due to sleep apnea or sleep-related hypoventilation, it is recommended to use the device for at least 4 hours daily on more than 70% of nights, with usage duration covering sleep periods as much as possible. For patients using HNIV due to chronic hypercapnia, daily use of at least 5 - 6 hours is required, with priority given to nighttime use. [Low-quality evidence, weak recommendation]Question 8. When should respiratory support be adjusted during HNIV?Recommendation: Assess the efficacy of HNIV based on clinical and physiological criteria to determine whether to continue ventilatory support [Moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation]. If disease progression or complications arise, and HNIV can no longer maintain effective ventilation, discontinue HNIV and seek hospital care promptly [Low-quality evidence, strong recommendation]. HNIV should not be discontinued in patients requiring intermittent or continuous HNIV during exercise [Moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation].Question 9. How should complications associated with HNIV be managed?Recommendation: Common complications of noninvasive ventilation include skin pressure injury, air leak, patient-ventilator asynchrony, and thick sputum. These should be actively prevented and managed during HNIV. [Moderate-quality evidence, strong recommendation]Question 10. How should the effectiveness of HNIV be assessed and followed up?Recommendation: Close monitoring and follow-up are recommended for patients receiving home noninvasive ventilation. Monitoring indicators and follow-up frequency are summarized in Table 6. [Moderate-quality evidence, GPS]Question 11. How should the management pathway for HNIV be established and optimized?Recommendations: Establish a tiered, dynamic, and individualized HNIV management pathway based on patient condition characteristics, technical support availability, and home care capabilities: ① For high-risk acute exacerbation/unstable patients: Primarily use the traditional "hospital-community-home" model supplemented by self-management; for low-risk acute exacerbation/stable patients: Primarily use self-management with IoT-based remote monitoring where feasible. ② Dynamically adjust based on disease stage: intensify in-person training during the initial phase and gradually transition to remote monitoring during the stable phase; ③ Promote multidisciplinary collaboration, utilize smart devices for real-time monitoring, and ensure data security; ④ Enhance patient self-management capabilities through standardized education and regular follow-ups. [Low-quality evidence, GPS]
Objective To investigate the alternatives of different endoscopic drainages for acute cholangitis of severe type (ACST) in elderly patients with chronic respiratory disease. Methods The clinical data of 74 cases of ACST in elderly patients with chronic respiratory disease undergoing 3 kinds of drainages, endoscopic retrograde double biliary stent drainage (D-ERBD), endoscopic retrograde single biliary stent drainage (S-ERBD), or endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) in the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from October 2005 to October 2015 were collected to analyze prospectively. Results Compared with preoperative, the white blood cell (WBC), direct bilirubin (DBIL), temperature, and abdominal pain NRS evaluation in 48 h after operation in 3 groups all decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Compared among 3 groups, there were no significant difference among the incidences of postoperative hyperamylasemia, pancreatitis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage (P＞0.05). The group of ENBD was more likely to develop pulmonary infection and achieve a secondary treatment than other 2 groups (P＜0.05). Totally 5 patients died in 3 groups, with a mortality of 6.76%, but the mortality rates were similar among the 3 groups (P＞0.05). The deaths were predominantly caused by multiple organ failure (MOF), 4 cases of which were caused by respiratory failure related to respiratory infection. Conclusion The alternative of endoscopic retrograde double biliary stent drainage (D-ERBD) can not only alleviate cholangitis rapidly, but it can reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia.