ObjectiveTo analyze the asymmetry of posterior-anterior radiograph of patients with facial asymmetry after orthodontic and surgical treatment. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 50 patients with varying degrees of facial asymmetry treated with orthodontic and surgical methods between June 2013 and June 2014. The asymmetric rate of posterior-anterior radiograph of the patients before and after treatment were compared with that of another 50 healthy subjects. ResultsMaxillary indexes including L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, and L10 asymmetric rates of the patients were significantly different from those of the normal subjects (P < 0.05); L3, L6, L7 and L10 asymmetric rates were significantly different before and after treatment (P < 0.05). Mandibular indexes including L1, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, and L10 asymmetric rates were significantly different from normal indicators (P < 0.05); L1, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, and L10 asymmetric rates changed significantly after treatment (P < 0.05). ConclusionClinical facial asymmetry mainly manifests on the bottom 1/3 part of the face, and facial mandibular asymmetry is the most obvious.
ObjectiveTo introduce a contralateral mastoplasty in breast reconstruction with prosthesis after breast cancer surgery in order to gain bilateral breasts symmetry.MethodsBetween January 2016 and June 2018, 11 female patients with breast cancer were treated, aged 34-64 years old (mean, 49.6 years). There were 5 cases in left side and 6 cases in right side. There were 3 cases of invasive carcinoma and 8 cases of intraductal carcinoma. The diameter of tumor was 0.2-4.1 cm (mean, 2.5 cm). The disease duration ranged from 1 to 15 months (mean, 6 months). According to Regnault grading criteria, there were 7 cases of mild breast ptosis and 4 cases of moderate breast ptosis. Simple nipple-sparing mastectomy and reconstruction using prosthesis of the affected side, and folding and lifting of the nipple-areolar complex of the healthy side were performed.ResultsThe operation time was 144-188 minutes (mean, 158 minutes). The hospital stay was 6-9 days (mean, 7.5 days). Postoperatively, poor incision healing occurred in 1 case and healed after symptomatic treatment. The other incisions healed well and no surgical-related complications occurred. All patients were followed up 6-30 months (mean, 16 months). At 3 months after operation, the expert group adopted the self-made rating scale to evaluate the bilateral breasts symmetry, and the score was 8-10 (mean, 8.9). The patients were evaluated for their satisfaction according to the self-made score scale, and the score was 8-10 (mean, 9.1).ConclusionAfter immediate breat reconstruction with prosthesis after breast cancer surgery, the satisfied bilateral breasts appearances and symmetry can be obtained by contralateral mastoplasty.
A software and hardware platform for gait simulation and system evaluation for lower limb intelligent prosthesis is proposed and designed, in order that the wearable symmetry effect of the intelligent knee prosthesis can be quantitatively analyzed by machine test instead of human wear test. The whole-body three-dimensional gait and motion analysis system instrument, a device to collect gait data such as joint angle and stride of adults, was used for extracting simulated gait characteristic curve. Then, the gait curve was fitted based on the corresponding joint to verify the feasibility of the test platform in the experiment. Finally, the developed artificial knee prosthesis was worn on the prosthetic evaluation system to quantitatively analyze the gait symmetry effect. The results showed that there was no significant difference in gait symmetry between the developed knee joints at different speeds, which could reach more than 88%. The simulation and evaluation of the prosthetic gait have good effects on the functional simulation and evaluation of the lower limb intelligent prosthesis.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of concealed penis correction surgery based on the principle of midline symmetry.MethodsBetween January 2016 and September 2018, 18 children with concealed penis were treated with correction surgery based on the principle of midline symmetry. All children were 3-12 years old, with an average age of 8.3 years. Physical examination showed that the penis was short; the penis body could not be exposed or be exposed too limited; the corpus cavernosum developed well. The pressure dressing was removed at 3 days after operation and the urethral tube was removed. The color of the glans, the swelling and congestion of penis and scrotum, and the blood supple of the prepuce flap were observed.ResultsThe operation time ranged from 47 to 54 minutes, with an average of 50 minutes. All children were followed up 3 months after operation. There was no hemorrhage and necrosis of the glans and no infection or ischemic necrosis of the flap. All patients had different degree of prepuce edema at 3 days after operation, 5 patients still had prepuce edema at 2 weeks, and the prepuce edema in all patients subsided at 3 months. All penises were exposed well after midline symmetric anastomosis with no bulky prepuce and scrotum.ConclusionThe correction surgery based on the principle of midline symmetry can be used to correct the appearance of the concealed penis effectively.
ObjectiveTo explore the gait trajectory characteristics and effectiveness after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA).MethodsThirty patients (30 knees) with anterior medial compartment osteoarthritis who were treated with UKA between January 2017 and December 2018 were selected as subjects (UKA group). According to age, gender, and side, 30 patients (30 knees) with knee osteoarthritis treated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were selected as control (TKA group). In addition to the range of motion (ROM) before operation showing significant difference between the two groups (t=4.25, P=0.00), there was no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, sides, body mass index, and preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score between the two groups (P>0.05). The incision length, drainage volume within 24 hours after operation, and the changes of hemoglobin and albumin were recorded. The WOMAC score, ROM, and HKA before and after operation were compared between the two groups. At 1 year after operation, the gait trajectory characteristics of two groups were analyzed by Vicon three-dimensional gait capture system, and the absolute symmetry index (ASI) of the lower limbs of the two groups was calculated.ResultsThe incisions of the two groups healed by first intention, with no complications. The incision length, drainage volume within 24 hours, and the changes of hemoglobin and albumin after operation in the UKA group were significantly smaller than those in the control group (P<0.05). All patients were followed up completely, the follow-up time ranged from 13 to 20 months of UKA group (mean, 18 months) and 16 to 24 months of control group (mean, 20 months). The imaging review showed that the lower limb alignment of the two groups were restored to a neutral position, and the position of prosthesis was good. At 1 year after operation, the WOMAC score, HKA, and ROM of two groups were significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05); the postoperative WOMAC score and ROM of the UKA group were significantly better than those of the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in HKA between the two groups (t=1.54, P=0.13). Gait analysis at 1 year after operation showed that the walking speed, stride length, knee extension at mid-stance, and flexion at swing in the UKA group were significantly better than those in the TKA group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in cadence, knee flexion at initial contact, and knee flexion at loading response between the two groups (P>0.05). The ASI of bilateral knee flexion in the UKA group was significantly greater than that in the TKA group during the initial contact and loading response period (P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with TKA, UKA has the advantages of small incision, less blood loss, and quicker functional recovery. The early gait after UKA is mainly manifested as the increase in walking speed, stride length, knee flexion at swing, and extension at mid-stance phase. From the analysis of gait symmetry, during the initial contact and loading response phase, the operation side after UKA undertakes more shock absorption and joint stabilization functions than the contralateral side.
Hemispheric asymmetry is a fundamental organizing principle of the human brain. Answering the genetic effects of the asymmetry is a prerequisite for elucidating developmental mechanisms of brain asymmetries. Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has provided an important tool for comprehensively interpreting human brain asymmetry and its genetic mechanism. By combining MRI data, individual differences in brain structural asymmetry have been investigated with quantitative genetic brain mapping using gene-heritability. Twins provide a useful natural model for studying the effects of genetics and environment on the brain. Studies based on MRI have found that the asymmetry of human brain structure has a genetic basis. From the perspective of quantitative genetic analysis, this article reviews recent findings on the genetic effects of asymmetry and genetic covariance between hemispheres from three aspects: the asymmetry of heritability, the heritability of asymmetry and the genetic correlation. At last, the article shows the limitations and future research directions in this field. The purpose of this systematic review is to quickly guide researchers to understand the origins and genetic mechanism of interhemispheric differences, and provide a genetic basis for further understanding and exploring individual differences in laterized cognitive behavior.