Research status of the relationship between endothelin system and retinal vein occlusion_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Feng Yanbing ,  Weng Wenqing

Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing Eye Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, China;

Corresponding author：

Weng Wenqing, Email: wengwenq@163.com

Keywords：

Receptor, endothelin A; Retinal vein occlusion/etiology; Venous pressure; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20180806-00273

Video：

Export PDF Favorites Scan Get Citation

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is characterized by obstruction of retinal vein blood flow, distended flexion, retinal hemorrhage, edema, and neovascularization, and its pathogenesis is not completely clear. Recent studies have found that endothelin (ET)-1, ETA receptor and ETA signaling pathways in the ET system may be involved in the occurrence and development of RVO by stimulating vasoconstriction to increase retinal vein pressure and inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. In-depth understanding of the correlation between the ET system and the occurrence and development of RVO can provide new ideas for further research on the pathogenesis of RVO.

Citation： Feng Yanbing, Weng Wenqing. Research status of the relationship between endothelin system and retinal vein occlusion. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(5): 409-412. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20180806-00273 Copy

1.	Wong TY, Scott IU. Clinical practice: retinal-vein occlusion[J]. N Eng J Med, 2010, 363(22): 2135-2144. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1003934.
2.	Fernández-Robredo P, Selvam S, Powner MB, et al. Neuropilin 1 involvement in choroidal and retinal neovascularisation[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(1): 0169865[2017-01-20]. http://europepmc.org/article/MED/28107458. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169865.
3.	Ou WC, Lampen SIR, Wykoff CC. Longitudinal quantification of retinal nonperfusion in the macula of eyes with retinal vein occlusion receiving anti-VEGF therapy: secondary analysis of the WAVE randomized trial[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2018, 49(4): 258-264. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20180329-08.
4.	Rofagha S, Bhisitkul RB, Boyer DS, et al. Seven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON: a multicenter cohort study (SEVEN-UP)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(11): 2292-2299. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.046.
5.	Suzuki N, Hirano Y, Tomiyasu T, et al. Retinal hemodynamics seen on optical coherence tomography angiography before and after treatment of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(13): 5681-5687. DOI: 10.1167/iovs-16-20648.
6.	Li J, Paulus YM, Shuai Y, et al. New developments in the classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, natural history, and treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2017, 2017: 4936924[2017-03-12]. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28386476. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4936924.
7.	Kida T, Flammerb J, Oku H, et al. Vasoactivity of retinal veins: a potential involvement of endothelin-1(ET-1) in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO)[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2018, 176: 207-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.016.
8.	Shchuko AG, Zlobin IV, Iur'eva TN, et al. Comprehensive assessment of risk factors for retinal vein occlusion and derivation of classification criteria for retinal ischemia[J]. Vestn Oftalmol, 2014, 130(5): 54-59.
9.	Rosanò L, Spinella F, Bagnato A. Endothelin 1 in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2013, 13(9): 637-651. DOI: 10.1038/nrc3546.
10.	史颖, 何明利. 内皮素系统多靶点干预对急性缺血性脑卒中低灌注改善作用的研究进展[J]. 中华神经医学杂志, 2018, 17(1): 39-42. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2018.01.007.Shi Y, He ML. Recent advance in effect of endothelin multi-target intervention on improving low perfusion in acute ischemic stroke[J]. Chin J Neuromed, 2018, 17(1): 39-42. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2018.01.007.
11.	Kaundal RK, Deshpande TA, Gulati A, et al. Targeting endothelin receptors for pharmaeotherapy of isehemic stroke: current scenario and future perspectives[J]. Drug Discov Today, 2012, 17(13-14): 793-804. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.017.
12.	Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Yu DY. Retinal venous pulsation: expanding our understanding and use of this enigmatic phenomenon[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2016, 55: 82-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.06.003.
13.	Jonas JB. Ophthalmodynamometric assessment of the central retinal vein collapse pressure in eyes with retinal vein stasis or occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2003, 241(5): 367-370. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0643-7.
14.	Jonas JB, Harder B. Ophthalmodynamometric differences between ischemic vs nonischemic retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2007, 143(1): 112-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.09.019.
15.	Mozaffarieh M, Bärtschi M, Henrich PB, et al. Retinal venous pressure in the non-affected eye of patients with retinal vein occlusions[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(10): 1569-1571. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2617-3.
16.	Meyer-SchwickerathR, Kleinwächter T, Firsching R, et al. Central retinal venous outflow pressure[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1995, 233(12): 783-788. DOI: 10.1007/bf00184090.
17.	McAllister IL, Tan MH, Smithies LA, et al. The effect of central retinal venous pressure in patients with central retinal vein occlusion and a high mean area of nonperfusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(11): 2228-2236. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.031.
18.	Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications, an update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
19.	Kolar P. Risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis of published clinical data[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2014, 2014: 724780[2014-06-09]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724780. DOI: 10.1155/2014/724780.
20.	Lopilly Park HY, Jeon S, Lee MY, et al. Glaucoma progression in the unaffected fellow eye of glaucoma patients who developed unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 175: 194-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.10.009.
21.	Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Azar SL, et al. Retinal venous pulsation in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects[J]. Ophthalmology, 2004, 111(8): 1489-1494. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.12.053.
22.	Flammer J, Konieczka K. Retinal venous pressure: the role of endothelin[J]. EPMA J, 2015, 6: 21. DOI: 10.1186/s13167-015-0043-1.
23.	Kida T. Mystery of retinal vein occlusion: vasoactivity of the vein and possible involvement of endothelin-1[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2017, 2017: 4816527[2017-08-20]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4816527. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4816527.
24.	Kumagai K, Tsujikawa A, Muraoka Y, et al. Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography evaluation of vascular changes at arteriovenous crossings[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(3): 1867-1875. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13303.
25.	Garoon R, Carvounis PE. Central retinal vein occlusion with bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9971): 914. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60124-6.
26.	Pellanda N, Flammer J, Haefliger IO. L-NAME- and u46619-induced contractions in isolated porcine ciliary arteries versus vortex veins[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2001, 218(5): 366-369. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15902.
27.	Kang MH, Balaratnasingam C, Yu PK, et al. Morphometric characteristics of central retinal artery and vein endothelium in the normal human optic nerve head[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(3): 1359-1367. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6366.
28.	Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, et al. Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2009, 82(1): 143-151. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp026.
29.	Guo Y, Chung SK, Siu CW, et al. Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2014, 276(1-2): 64-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.616.
30.	Keles S, Halici Z, Atmaca HT, et al. The ocular endothelin system: a novel target for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis with bosentan[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(6): 3517-3524. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14193.
31.	Hu Y, Yu Y, Bu Z, et al. Increased systemic heparanase in retinal vein occlusion is associated with activation of inflammation and thrombophilia[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(2): 345-349. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002374.
32.	Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin receptors and their antagonists[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2015, 35(2): 125-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephr01.2015.02.002.
33.	Stangos AN, Petropoulos IK, Pournaras JA, et al. The vasodilatory effect of juxta-arteriolar microinjection of endothelin A receptor inhibitor in healthy and acute branch retinal vein occlusion minipig retinas[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010, 51(4): 2185-2190. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3735.
34.	Kaneda S, Miyazaki D, Sasaki S, et al. Multivariate analyses of inflammatory cytokines in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion: relationships to bevacizumab treatment[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(6): 2982-2988. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6299.
35.	Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, et al. Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(3): 256-263. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0004-8.
36.	Li X, Wang N, Liang X, et al. Safety and efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients: randomized, sham-controlled, multicenter study[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(1): 59-69. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3831-6.
37.	McDermott MF. TNF and TNFR biology in health and disease[J]. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2001, 47(4): 619-635.
38.	Jung SH, Kim KA, Sohn SW, et al. Association of aqueous humor cytokines with the development of retinal ischemia and recurrent macular edema in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(4): 2290-2296. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13587.
39.	Shirasawa M, Sonoda S, Terasaki H, et al. TNF-αdisrupts morphologic and functional barrier properties of polarized retinal pigment epithelium[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2013, 110(1): 59-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.012.
40.	Wang S, Reinhard S, Li C, et al. Antitumoral cascade-targeting ligand for IL-6 receptor-mediated gene delivery to glioma[J]. Mol Ther, 2017, 25(7): 1556-1566. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.023.
41.	Feng J, Zhao T, Zhang Y, et al. Differences in aqueous concentrations of cytokines in macular edema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): 68149[2013-07-05]. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068149. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068149.

1. Wong TY, Scott IU. Clinical practice: retinal-vein occlusion[J]. N Eng J Med, 2010, 363(22): 2135-2144. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1003934.
2. Fernández-Robredo P, Selvam S, Powner MB, et al. Neuropilin 1 involvement in choroidal and retinal neovascularisation[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(1): 0169865[2017-01-20]. http://europepmc.org/article/MED/28107458. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169865.
3. Ou WC, Lampen SIR, Wykoff CC. Longitudinal quantification of retinal nonperfusion in the macula of eyes with retinal vein occlusion receiving anti-VEGF therapy: secondary analysis of the WAVE randomized trial[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2018, 49(4): 258-264. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20180329-08.
4. Rofagha S, Bhisitkul RB, Boyer DS, et al. Seven-year outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients in ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON: a multicenter cohort study (SEVEN-UP)[J]. Ophthalmology, 2013, 120(11): 2292-2299. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.046.
5. Suzuki N, Hirano Y, Tomiyasu T, et al. Retinal hemodynamics seen on optical coherence tomography angiography before and after treatment of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(13): 5681-5687. DOI: 10.1167/iovs-16-20648.
6. Li J, Paulus YM, Shuai Y, et al. New developments in the classification, pathogenesis, risk factors, natural history, and treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2017, 2017: 4936924[2017-03-12]. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28386476. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4936924.
7. Kida T, Flammerb J, Oku H, et al. Vasoactivity of retinal veins: a potential involvement of endothelin-1(ET-1) in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion (RVO)[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2018, 176: 207-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.016.
8. Shchuko AG, Zlobin IV, Iur'eva TN, et al. Comprehensive assessment of risk factors for retinal vein occlusion and derivation of classification criteria for retinal ischemia[J]. Vestn Oftalmol, 2014, 130(5): 54-59.
9. Rosanò L, Spinella F, Bagnato A. Endothelin 1 in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2013, 13(9): 637-651. DOI: 10.1038/nrc3546.
10. 史颖, 何明利. 内皮素系统多靶点干预对急性缺血性脑卒中低灌注改善作用的研究进展[J]. 中华神经医学杂志, 2018, 17(1): 39-42. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2018.01.007.Shi Y, He ML. Recent advance in effect of endothelin multi-target intervention on improving low perfusion in acute ischemic stroke[J]. Chin J Neuromed, 2018, 17(1): 39-42. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-8925.2018.01.007.
11. Kaundal RK, Deshpande TA, Gulati A, et al. Targeting endothelin receptors for pharmaeotherapy of isehemic stroke: current scenario and future perspectives[J]. Drug Discov Today, 2012, 17(13-14): 793-804. DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.017.
12. Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Yu DY. Retinal venous pulsation: expanding our understanding and use of this enigmatic phenomenon[J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2016, 55: 82-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.06.003.
13. Jonas JB. Ophthalmodynamometric assessment of the central retinal vein collapse pressure in eyes with retinal vein stasis or occlusion[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2003, 241(5): 367-370. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-003-0643-7.
14. Jonas JB, Harder B. Ophthalmodynamometric differences between ischemic vs nonischemic retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2007, 143(1): 112-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.09.019.
15. Mozaffarieh M, Bärtschi M, Henrich PB, et al. Retinal venous pressure in the non-affected eye of patients with retinal vein occlusions[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2014, 252(10): 1569-1571. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2617-3.
16. Meyer-SchwickerathR, Kleinwächter T, Firsching R, et al. Central retinal venous outflow pressure[J]. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 1995, 233(12): 783-788. DOI: 10.1007/bf00184090.
17. McAllister IL, Tan MH, Smithies LA, et al. The effect of central retinal venous pressure in patients with central retinal vein occlusion and a high mean area of nonperfusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2014, 121(11): 2228-2236. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.031.
18. Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications, an update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
19. Kolar P. Risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis of published clinical data[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2014, 2014: 724780[2014-06-09]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724780. DOI: 10.1155/2014/724780.
20. Lopilly Park HY, Jeon S, Lee MY, et al. Glaucoma progression in the unaffected fellow eye of glaucoma patients who developed unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 175: 194-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.10.009.
21. Morgan WH, Hazelton ML, Azar SL, et al. Retinal venous pulsation in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects[J]. Ophthalmology, 2004, 111(8): 1489-1494. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.12.053.
22. Flammer J, Konieczka K. Retinal venous pressure: the role of endothelin[J]. EPMA J, 2015, 6: 21. DOI: 10.1186/s13167-015-0043-1.
23. Kida T. Mystery of retinal vein occlusion: vasoactivity of the vein and possible involvement of endothelin-1[J/OL]. Biomed Res Int, 2017, 2017: 4816527[2017-08-20]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4816527. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4816527.
24. Kumagai K, Tsujikawa A, Muraoka Y, et al. Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography evaluation of vascular changes at arteriovenous crossings[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(3): 1867-1875. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13303.
25. Garoon R, Carvounis PE. Central retinal vein occlusion with bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9971): 914. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60124-6.
26. Pellanda N, Flammer J, Haefliger IO. L-NAME- and u46619-induced contractions in isolated porcine ciliary arteries versus vortex veins[J]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd, 2001, 218(5): 366-369. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15902.
27. Kang MH, Balaratnasingam C, Yu PK, et al. Morphometric characteristics of central retinal artery and vein endothelium in the normal human optic nerve head[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(3): 1359-1367. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6366.
28. Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, et al. Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2009, 82(1): 143-151. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp026.
29. Guo Y, Chung SK, Siu CW, et al. Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2014, 276(1-2): 64-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.616.
30. Keles S, Halici Z, Atmaca HT, et al. The ocular endothelin system: a novel target for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis with bosentan[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(6): 3517-3524. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14193.
31. Hu Y, Yu Y, Bu Z, et al. Increased systemic heparanase in retinal vein occlusion is associated with activation of inflammation and thrombophilia[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(2): 345-349. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002374.
32. Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin receptors and their antagonists[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2015, 35(2): 125-136. DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephr01.2015.02.002.
33. Stangos AN, Petropoulos IK, Pournaras JA, et al. The vasodilatory effect of juxta-arteriolar microinjection of endothelin A receptor inhibitor in healthy and acute branch retinal vein occlusion minipig retinas[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010, 51(4): 2185-2190. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3735.
34. Kaneda S, Miyazaki D, Sasaki S, et al. Multivariate analyses of inflammatory cytokines in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion: relationships to bevacizumab treatment[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(6): 2982-2988. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6299.
35. Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, et al. Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2011, 55(3): 256-263. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-011-0004-8.
36. Li X, Wang N, Liang X, et al. Safety and efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients: randomized, sham-controlled, multicenter study[J]. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2018, 256(1): 59-69. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3831-6.
37. McDermott MF. TNF and TNFR biology in health and disease[J]. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2001, 47(4): 619-635.
38. Jung SH, Kim KA, Sohn SW, et al. Association of aqueous humor cytokines with the development of retinal ischemia and recurrent macular edema in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(4): 2290-2296. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13587.
39. Shirasawa M, Sonoda S, Terasaki H, et al. TNF-αdisrupts morphologic and functional barrier properties of polarized retinal pigment epithelium[J]. Exp Eye Res, 2013, 110(1): 59-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.02.012.
40. Wang S, Reinhard S, Li C, et al. Antitumoral cascade-targeting ligand for IL-6 receptor-mediated gene delivery to glioma[J]. Mol Ther, 2017, 25(7): 1556-1566. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.023.
41. Feng J, Zhao T, Zhang Y, et al. Differences in aqueous concentrations of cytokines in macular edema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): 68149[2013-07-05]. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068149. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068149.

Previous Article
Research status and progress of macular edema formation mechanism

Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Research status of the relationship between endothelin system and retinal vein occlusion

Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Previous Article

Format

Content