Recent progress in the diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

Liu Shixue ,  Chang Qing

Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China;

Corresponding author：

Chang Qing, Email: qngchang@aliyun.com

Keywords：

Eye neoplasms/diagnosis; Lymphoma, large B-cell, diffuse; Review

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20191126-00389

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare and aggressive high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. PVRL always with non-specific symptoms and has therefore been called as masquerade syndrome. Thus, the early and correct diagnosis of PVRL is a difficulty. For PVRL, the imaging findings can be specific but variety, histological diagnosis is still the gold standard. Its diagnosis needs to be combined with clinical manifestations, imaging features, pathological diagnosis and molecular biology. With the advancement of technology, especially in the field of the cytokines detection and the gene expression profiling research, molecular biology diagnosis of PVRL is becoming a research hotspot and an important auxiliary diagnostic method.

Citation： Liu Shixue, Chang Qing. Recent progress in the diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2020, 36(6): 474-478. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20191126-00389 Copy

1.	Cho BJ, Kim DY, Park UC, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of vitreoretinal lymphoma according to its association with cns lymphoma[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2018, 26(3): 365-371. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1421669.
2.	Pulido JS, Johnston PB, Nowakowski GS, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a review[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2018, 4: 18[2018-05-07]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5937042/pdf/40942_2018_Article_120.pdf. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-018-0120-4.
3.	Chaput F, Amer R, Baglivo E, et al. Intraocular t-cell lymphoma: clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2017, 25(5): 639-648. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2016.1139733.
4.	Gao S, Zhou Y, Jin X, et al. Primary vitreoretinal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with breast involvement: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2019, 64(2): 225-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.003.
5.	Chan CC, Rubenstein JL, Coupland SE, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an international primary central nervous system lymphoma collaborative group symposium[J]. Oncologist, 2011, 16(11): 1589-1599. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0210.
6.	Kalogeropoulos D, Vartholomatos G, Mitra A, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2019, 33(1): 66-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.12.008.
7.	Kim MM, Dabaja BS, Medeiros J, et al. Survival outcomes of primary intraocular lymphoma: a single-institution experience[J]. Am J Clin Oncol, 2016, 39(2): 109-113. DOI: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000028.
8.	de Hoog J, Dik WA, Lu L, et al. Combined cellular and soluble mediator analysis for improved diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(6): 626-632. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14036.
9.	Araujo I, Coupland SE. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma -- a review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(3): 283-289. DOI: 10.22608/apo.2017150.
10.	Fend F, Ferreri AJ, Coupland SE. How we diagnose and treat vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Br J Haematol, 2016, 173(5): 680-692. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14025.
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12.	AlQahtani A, Touitou V, Cassoux N, et al. More than a masquerade syndrome: atypical presentations of vitreoretinal lymphomas[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2014, 22(3): 189-196. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.835427.
13.	Deak GG, Sneed SR, Jampol LM. Cystoid macular edema in the setting of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J/OL]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2018, 2018: E1[2018-07-13]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000797. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000797. [published online ahead of print].
14.	Hussain RM, Garoon RB, Duker JS, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma presenting as a posterior capsule plaque[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2018, 49(9): 732-734. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20180831-15.
15.	Fardeau C, Lee CP, Merle-Beral H, et al. Retinal fluorescein, indocyanine green angiography, and optic coherence tomography in non-hodgkin primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2009, 147(5): 886-894. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.12.025.
16.	Touhami S, Audo I, Terrada C, et al. Neoplasia and intraocular inflammation: from masquerade syndromes to immunotherapy-induced uveitis[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019, 72: 100761[2019-05-12]. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350-9462(18)30074-0. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.002.
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18.	Abu Samra K, Oray M, Ebrahimiadib N, et al. Intraocular lymphoma: descriptive data of 26 patients including clinico-pathologic features, vitreous findings, and treatment outcomes[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2018, 26(3): 347-352. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1193206.
19.	Folgar FA, Chow JH, Farsiu S, et al. Spatial correlation between hyperpigmentary changes on color fundus photography and hyperreflective foci on sdoct in intermediate amd[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(8): 4626-4628. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9813.
20.	Venkatesh R, Gurav P, Abhishek Dave P, et al. Capillary dropout: a novel fluorescein angiography finding in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Ocul Oncol Pathol, 2017, 3(4): 324-327. DOI: 10.1159/000472152.
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26.	Egawa M, Mitamura Y, Hayashi Y, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic and fundus autofluorescence findings in eyes with primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2014, 8: 335-341. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S58114.
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1. Cho BJ, Kim DY, Park UC, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of vitreoretinal lymphoma according to its association with cns lymphoma[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2018, 26(3): 365-371. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1421669.
2. Pulido JS, Johnston PB, Nowakowski GS, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a review[J/OL]. Int J Retina Vitreous, 2018, 4: 18[2018-05-07]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5937042/pdf/40942_2018_Article_120.pdf. DOI: 10.1186/s40942-018-0120-4.
3. Chaput F, Amer R, Baglivo E, et al. Intraocular t-cell lymphoma: clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2017, 25(5): 639-648. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2016.1139733.
4. Gao S, Zhou Y, Jin X, et al. Primary vitreoretinal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with breast involvement: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2019, 64(2): 225-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.10.003.
5. Chan CC, Rubenstein JL, Coupland SE, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an international primary central nervous system lymphoma collaborative group symposium[J]. Oncologist, 2011, 16(11): 1589-1599. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0210.
6. Kalogeropoulos D, Vartholomatos G, Mitra A, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2019, 33(1): 66-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.12.008.
7. Kim MM, Dabaja BS, Medeiros J, et al. Survival outcomes of primary intraocular lymphoma: a single-institution experience[J]. Am J Clin Oncol, 2016, 39(2): 109-113. DOI: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000028.
8. de Hoog J, Dik WA, Lu L, et al. Combined cellular and soluble mediator analysis for improved diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2019, 97(6): 626-632. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14036.
9. Araujo I, Coupland SE. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma -- a review[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2017, 6(3): 283-289. DOI: 10.22608/apo.2017150.
10. Fend F, Ferreri AJ, Coupland SE. How we diagnose and treat vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Br J Haematol, 2016, 173(5): 680-692. DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14025.
11. Coupland SE, Damato B. Understanding intraocular lymphomas[J]. Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2008, 36(6): 564-578. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01843.x.
12. AlQahtani A, Touitou V, Cassoux N, et al. More than a masquerade syndrome: atypical presentations of vitreoretinal lymphomas[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2014, 22(3): 189-196. DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.835427.
13. Deak GG, Sneed SR, Jampol LM. Cystoid macular edema in the setting of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J/OL]. Retin Cases Brief Rep, 2018, 2018: E1[2018-07-13]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0000000000000797. DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000797. [published online ahead of print].
14. Hussain RM, Garoon RB, Duker JS, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma presenting as a posterior capsule plaque[J]. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina, 2018, 49(9): 732-734. DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20180831-15.
15. Fardeau C, Lee CP, Merle-Beral H, et al. Retinal fluorescein, indocyanine green angiography, and optic coherence tomography in non-hodgkin primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2009, 147(5): 886-894. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.12.025.
16. Touhami S, Audo I, Terrada C, et al. Neoplasia and intraocular inflammation: from masquerade syndromes to immunotherapy-induced uveitis[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019, 72: 100761[2019-05-12]. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350-9462(18)30074-0. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.002.
17. Dalvin LA, Lim LS, Ancona-Lezama D, et al. Tumor control and visual acuity outcomes in vitreoretinal lymphoma with and without sub-retinal pigment epithelium infiltration: analysis of 125 eyes of 70 patients at a single ocular oncology center[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2019, 3(11): 998-1005. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.05.021.
18. Abu Samra K, Oray M, Ebrahimiadib N, et al. Intraocular lymphoma: descriptive data of 26 patients including clinico-pathologic features, vitreous findings, and treatment outcomes[J]. Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2018, 26(3): 347-352. DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1193206.
19. Folgar FA, Chow JH, Farsiu S, et al. Spatial correlation between hyperpigmentary changes on color fundus photography and hyperreflective foci on sdoct in intermediate amd[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012, 53(8): 4626-4628. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9813.
20. Venkatesh R, Gurav P, Abhishek Dave P, et al. Capillary dropout: a novel fluorescein angiography finding in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Ocul Oncol Pathol, 2017, 3(4): 324-327. DOI: 10.1159/000472152.
21. Sagoo MS, Mehta H, Swampillai AJ, et al. Primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014, 59(5): 503-516. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.12.001.
22. Aronow ME, Shen D, Hochman J, et al. Intraocular lymphoma models[J]. Ocul Oncol Pathol, 2015, 1(3): 214-222. DOI: 10.1159/000370158.
23. Casady M, Faia L, Nazemzadeh M, et al. Fundus autofluorescence patterns in primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Retina, 2014, 34(2): 366-372. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31829977fa.
24. Lavine JA, Singh AD, Sharma S, et al. Ultra-widefield multimodal imaging of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(10): 1861-1871. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002260.
25. Venkatesh R, Bavaharan B, Mahendradas P, et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: prevalence, impact, and management challenges[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2019, 13: 353-364. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S159014.
26. Egawa M, Mitamura Y, Hayashi Y, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic and fundus autofluorescence findings in eyes with primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2014, 8: 335-341. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S58114.
27. Jang HS, Sepah YJ, Sophie R, et al. Longitudinal spectral domain optical coherence tomography changes in eyes with intraocular lymphoma[J]. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 2013, 3(1): 59. DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-59.
28. Deak GG, Goldstein DA, Zhou M, et al. Vertical hyperreflective lesions on optical coherence tomography in vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2019, 137(2): 194-198. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.5835.
29. Barry RJ, Tasiopoulou A, Murray PI, et al. Characteristic optical coherence tomography findings in patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a novel aid to early diagnosis[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2018, 102(10): 1362-1366. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311612.
30. Zhou M, Xu G. Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Taiwan J Ophthalmol, 2016, 6(4): 170-176. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2016.05.002.
31. Zhao H, Wang X, Mao Y, et al. Longitudinal observation of oct imaging is a valuable tool to monitor primary vitreoretinal lymphoma treated with intravitreal injections of methotrexate[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 10. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1300-1.
32. Lai J, Chen K, Shi HM, et al. B-scan ultrasound and cytology of the vitreous in primary central nervous system lymphoma with vitreoretinal involvement[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2019, 12(6): 1001-1007. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.20.
33. Klimova A, Heissigerova J, Rihova E, et al. Combined treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphomas significantly prolongs the time to first relapse[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2018, 102(11): 1579-1585. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311574.
34. Hashida N, Ohguro N, Nishida K. Efficacy and complications of intravitreal rituximab injection for treating primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2012, 1(3): 1. DOI: 10.1167/tvst.1.3.1.
35. Chan CC, Sen HN. Current concepts in diagnosing and managing primary vitreoretinal (intraocular) lymphoma[J]. Discov Med, 2013, 15(81): 93-100.
36. Jiang TT, Zhao ZY, Chang Q. Evaluation of cytologic specimens obtained during experimental vitreous biopsy using B-cell lymphoma line[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2014, 24(6): 911-917. DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000488.
37. Mudhar HS, Sheard R. Diagnostic cellular yield is superior with full pars plana vitrectomy compared with core vitreous biopsy[J]. Eye, 2013, 27(1): 50-55. DOI: 10.1038/eye.2012.224.
38. Iaccheri B, Fiore T, Cerquaglia A, et al. Transient therapeutic effect of vitrectomy in primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2017, 37(6): 1333-1335. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0405-2.
39. Venkatesh P, Gogia V, Khanduja S, et al. Therapeutic vitrectomy for vitreal recurrence of intraocular lymphoma resistant to intravitreal methotrexate post systemic chemotherapy[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2015, 11(3): 668. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.140824.
40. Kimura K, Usui Y, Goto H, et al. Clinical features and diagnostic significance of the intraocular fluid of 217 patients with intraocular lymphoma[J]. Jpn J Ophthalmol, 2012, 56(4): 383-389. DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0150-7.
41. Karma A, von Willebrand EO, Tommila PV, et al. Primary intraocular lymphoma: improving the diagnostic procedure[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(7): 1372-1377. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.009.
42. Kase S, Namba K, Iwata D, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of cell block method for vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Diagn Pathol, 2016, 11: 29. DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0479-1.
43. Wang Y, Shen D, Wang VM, et al. Molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2011, 12(9): 5684-5697. DOI: 10.3390/ijms12095684.
44. Merle-Beral H, Davi F, Cassoux N, et al. Biological diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma[J]. Br J Haematol, 2004, 124(4): 469-473. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04800.x.
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