Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China_Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Authors：

 Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association ,  Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association

Corresponding author：

Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Email: dr_zhaomingwei@163.com; Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Email: dr_lixiaoxin@163.com

Keywords：

Retinal vein occlusion; Diagnosis and treatment path; Expert consensus

DOI：

10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056

Video：

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Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a common clinical disease in ophthalmology. In recent years, with the emergence of drugs such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and sustained release of intraocular glucocorticoids, the therapeutic effect and prognosis of RVO patients have been significantly improved. Nevertheless, in different regions and hospitals at all levels in China, the diagnosis and treatment strategies for RVO are mostly based on their own accumulated experience, and there is still room for improvement in the awareness of ophthalmologists on early intervention of RVO and the popularity of related knowledge, and a set of standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment paths is urgently needed. To this end, Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association through systematic and in-depth literature research and analysis of the latest clinical research results, and combined with the current social and economic development of China, jointly drafted the draft of Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China. After several reviews and revisions by the core expert group, the consensus was finalized. This consensus is elaborated in terms of the definition and classification of RVO, etiology and pathogenesis, initial diagnosis and treatment path consensus, and follow-up diagnosis and treatment assessment and follow-up management, aiming to provide easy to understand and grasp practical guidance for ophthalmic specialists and general ophthalmology practitioners. This consensus strictly follows the basic principles of evidence-based medicine, fully considers China's national conditions and existing diagnosis and treatment conditions, and puts forward principled recommendations with general guiding significance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment practice of RVO, aiming to meet the diagnosis and treatment needs of most patients. When applying this consensus to guide practice, clinicians should take into account the specific disease characteristics of patients, combined with various factors such as available treatment means and patients' economic status, and implement individualized comprehensive treatment plans, so as to meet the diversified diagnosis and treatment needs of the majority of RVO patients.

Citation： Fundus Diseases Group in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Professional Committee of Fundus Diseases in Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China. Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases, 2024, 40(3): 175-185. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511434-20240201-00056 Copy

1.	Buehl W, Sacu S, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. Dev Ophthalmol, 2010, 46: 54-72. DOI: 10.1159/000320009.
2.	Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
3.	Scott IU, Campochiaro PA, Newman NJ, et al. Retinal vascular occlusions[J]. Lancet, 2020, 396(10266): 1927-1940. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31559-2.
4.	Sanborn GE, Magargal LE. Characteristics of the hemispheric retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1984, 91(12): 1616-1626. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34111-2.
5.	Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS. Hemi-central retinal vein occulsion. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and natural history[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1980, 98(9): 1600-1609. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020040452011.
6.	Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
7.	Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation therapy. Baseline findings[J]. Online J Curr Clin Trials, 1993, 14: 1.
8.	A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N report[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1434-1444. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30848-2.
9.	Nicholson L, Vazquez-Alfageme C, Patrao NV, et al. Retinal nonperfusion in the posterior pole is associated with increased risk of neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.015.
10.	Thomas AS, Thomas MK, Finn AP, et al. Use of the ischemic index on widefield fluorescein angiography to characterize a central retinal vein occlusion as ischemic or nonischemic[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(6): 1033-1038. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002126.
11.	An W, Han J. Research progress of UWFFA and OCTA in retinal vein occlusion: a review[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(6): 2850-2855. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211027411.
12.	Tsai G, Banaee T, Conti FF, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2018, 13(3): 315-332. DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_264_17.
13.	Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130044017.
14.	赵明威, 苗恒. 视网膜静脉阻塞诊疗重在全病程管理[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.Zhao MW, Miao H. Whole course management is the key to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.
15.	Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome-a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
16.	Tang Y, Cheng Y, Wang S, et al. Review: the development of risk factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 910600[2022-06-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35783660/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.910600.
17.	Chen TY, Uppuluri A, Zarbin MA, et al. Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion in young adults[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(5): 2546-2555. DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960333.
18.	Orskov M, Vorum H, Bjerregaard Larsen T, et al. A review of risk factors for retinal vein occlusions[J]. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2022, 20(9): 761-772. DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2112667.
19.	Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, et al. Update on retinal vein occlusion[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2023, 12(2): 196-210. DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000598.
20.	Steinbrugger I, Haas A, Maier R, et al. Analysis of inflammation- and atherosclerosis-related gene polymorphisms in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Mol Vis, 2009, 15: 609-618.
21.	Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
22.	Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
23.	Sohn JH, Song SJ. Arteriovenous sheathotomy for persistent macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2006, 20(4): 210-214. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2006.20.4.210.
24.	Chen Y, Sharma T, Li X, et al. Ranizumab versus vitipofoen photodynamic therapy in Asian patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization: brilliance, a 12-month, randomized, double-masked study[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(10): 1985-1994. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002292.
25.	Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the randomized BLOSSOM Study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
26.	Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal Conbercept injections in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
27.	Chen X, Hu TM, Zuo J, et al. Intravitreal conbercept for branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 225. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01494-x.
28.	Zeng HY, Liu Q, Li XX, et al. One-year efficacy of intravitreal conbercept injection for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2020, 34(8): 1459-1464. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0827-y.
29.	Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
30.	Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients of central retinal vein occlusion (CRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-07-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03223714.
31.	Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-06-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03108352.
32.	Regnier SA, Larsen M, Bezlyak V, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of approved treatments for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007527[2015-06-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26048209/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007527.
33.	Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
34.	Gao S, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 752048[2021-12-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955825/. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752048.
35.	Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of Conbercept with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
36.	Deobhakta A, Chang LK. Inflammation in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Int J Inflam, 2013, 2013: 438412[2013-04-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653882/. DOI: 10.1155/2013/438412.
37.	Massa H, Georgoudis P, Panos GD. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (OZURDEX®) for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: a review of the literature[J]. Ther Deliv, 2019, 10(6): 343-351. DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0024.
38.	Aref AA, Scott IU, Oden NL, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and timing of elevated intraocular pressure after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: SCORE Study Report 15[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(9): 1022-1029. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.1823.
39.	Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1134-1146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.032.
40.	Jain N, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ. Prospective study of a fluocinolone acetonide implant for chronic macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion: thirty-six-month results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(1): 132-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.019.
41.	Mushtaq Y, Mushtaq MM, Gatzioufas Z, et al. Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant (ILUVIEN®) for the treatment of retinal conditions. A review of clinical studies[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2023, 17: 961-975. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S403259.
42.	Coelho J, Pessoa B, Meireles A. Long-term management of non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion with fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 μg (ILUVIEN®)[J/OL]. Ther Adv Ophthalmol, 2019, 11: 2515841418820755[2019-01-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643869/. DOI: 10.1177/2515841418820755.
43.	The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1425-1433. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30849-4.
44.	中华医学会眼科学分会青光眼学组. 中国新生血管性青光眼诊疗专家共识(2019年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Society of Ophthalmology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of neovascular glaucoma in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.
45.	Mohamed Q, McIntosh RL, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(3): 507-519, 524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.011.
46.	The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1984, 98(3): 271-282. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90316-7.
47.	McIntosh RL, Mohamed Q, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(5): 835-854. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.010.

1. Buehl W, Sacu S, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Retinal vein occlusions[J]. Dev Ophthalmol, 2010, 46: 54-72. DOI: 10.1159/000320009.
2. Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Retinal vein occlusions preferred practice pattern®[J]. Ophthalmology, 2020, 127(2): 288-320. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.029.
3. Scott IU, Campochiaro PA, Newman NJ, et al. Retinal vascular occlusions[J]. Lancet, 2020, 396(10266): 1927-1940. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31559-2.
4. Sanborn GE, Magargal LE. Characteristics of the hemispheric retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1984, 91(12): 1616-1626. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34111-2.
5. Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS. Hemi-central retinal vein occulsion. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and natural history[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1980, 98(9): 1600-1609. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020040452011.
6. Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Surv Ophthalmol, 2018, 63(6): 816-850. DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005.
7. Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation therapy. Baseline findings[J]. Online J Curr Clin Trials, 1993, 14: 1.
8. A randomized clinical trial of early panretinal photocoagulation for ischemic central vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group N report[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1434-1444. DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30848-2.
9. Nicholson L, Vazquez-Alfageme C, Patrao NV, et al. Retinal nonperfusion in the posterior pole is associated with increased risk of neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 182: 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.07.015.
10. Thomas AS, Thomas MK, Finn AP, et al. Use of the ischemic index on widefield fluorescein angiography to characterize a central retinal vein occlusion as ischemic or nonischemic[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(6): 1033-1038. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002126.
11. An W, Han J. Research progress of UWFFA and OCTA in retinal vein occlusion: a review[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(6): 2850-2855. DOI: 10.1177/11206721211027411.
12. Tsai G, Banaee T, Conti FF, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with retinal vein occlusion[J]. J Ophthalmic Vis Res, 2018, 13(3): 315-332. DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_264_17.
13. Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Argon laser scatter photocoagulation for prevention of neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 1986, 104(1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130044017.
14. 赵明威, 苗恒. 视网膜静脉阻塞诊疗重在全病程管理[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.Zhao MW, Miao H. Whole course management is the key to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(4): 246-249. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200207-00052.
15. Terelak-Borys B, Skonieczna K, Grabska-Liberek I. Ocular ischemic syndrome-a systematic review[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2012, 18(8): 138-144. DOI: 10.12659/msm.883260.
16. Tang Y, Cheng Y, Wang S, et al. Review: the development of risk factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 910600[2022-06-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35783660/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.910600.
17. Chen TY, Uppuluri A, Zarbin MA, et al. Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion in young adults[J]. Eur J Ophthalmol, 2021, 31(5): 2546-2555. DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960333.
18. Orskov M, Vorum H, Bjerregaard Larsen T, et al. A review of risk factors for retinal vein occlusions[J]. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2022, 20(9): 761-772. DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2112667.
19. Romano F, Lamanna F, Gabrielle PH, et al. Update on retinal vein occlusion[J]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2023, 12(2): 196-210. DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000598.
20. Steinbrugger I, Haas A, Maier R, et al. Analysis of inflammation- and atherosclerosis-related gene polymorphisms in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Mol Vis, 2009, 15: 609-618.
21. Jaulim A, Ahmed B, Khanam T, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and complications. An update of the literature[J]. Retina, 2013, 33(5): 901-910. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182870c15.
22. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the management of retinal vein occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2019, 242(3): 123-162. DOI: 10.1159/000502041.
23. Sohn JH, Song SJ. Arteriovenous sheathotomy for persistent macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Korean J Ophthalmol, 2006, 20(4): 210-214. DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2006.20.4.210.
24. Chen Y, Sharma T, Li X, et al. Ranizumab versus vitipofoen photodynamic therapy in Asian patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization: brilliance, a 12-month, randomized, double-masked study[J]. Retina, 2019, 39(10): 1985-1994. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002292.
25. Wei W, Weisberger A, Zhu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ranibizumab in Asian patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the randomized BLOSSOM Study[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 57-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.001.
26. Sun Z, Zhou H, Lin B, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal Conbercept injections in macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Retina, 2017, 37(9): 1723-1730. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001404.
27. Chen X, Hu TM, Zuo J, et al. Intravitreal conbercept for branch retinal vein occlusion induced macular edema: one initial injection versus three monthly injections[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(1): 225. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01494-x.
28. Zeng HY, Liu Q, Li XX, et al. One-year efficacy of intravitreal conbercept injection for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion in Chinese patients[J]. Eye (Lond), 2020, 34(8): 1459-1464. DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0827-y.
29. Zhong P, He M, Yu H, et al. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular events associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2020, 45(5): 615-622. DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1687727.
30. Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients of central retinal vein occlusion (CRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-07-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03223714.
31. Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co. L. 2017. Conbercept ophthalmic injection for patients with macular edema caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRAVE)[EB/OL]. [2022-06-13]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03108352.
32. Regnier SA, Larsen M, Bezlyak V, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of approved treatments for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. BMJ Open, 2015, 5(6): e007527[2015-06-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26048209/. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007527.
33. Sangroongruangsri S, Ratanapakorn T, Wu O, et al. Comparative efficacy of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018, 11(9): 903-916. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1507735.
34. Gao S, Zhang Y, Li X, et al. Comparative efficacy of pharmacotherapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a network meta-analysis[J/OL]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 752048[2021-12-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34955825/. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752048.
35. Liu W, Li Y, Cao R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of Conbercept with ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(21): e20222[2020-05-22]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32481293/. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020222.
36. Deobhakta A, Chang LK. Inflammation in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Int J Inflam, 2013, 2013: 438412[2013-04-03]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653882/. DOI: 10.1155/2013/438412.
37. Massa H, Georgoudis P, Panos GD. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (OZURDEX®) for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: a review of the literature[J]. Ther Deliv, 2019, 10(6): 343-351. DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0024.
38. Aref AA, Scott IU, Oden NL, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and timing of elevated intraocular pressure after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: SCORE Study Report 15[J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2015, 133(9): 1022-1029. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.1823.
39. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, et al. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 2010, 117(6): 1134-1146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.032.
40. Jain N, Stinnett SS, Jaffe GJ. Prospective study of a fluocinolone acetonide implant for chronic macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion: thirty-six-month results[J]. Ophthalmology, 2012, 119(1): 132-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.019.
41. Mushtaq Y, Mushtaq MM, Gatzioufas Z, et al. Intravitreal Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant (ILUVIEN®) for the treatment of retinal conditions. A review of clinical studies[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2023, 17: 961-975. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S403259.
42. Coelho J, Pessoa B, Meireles A. Long-term management of non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion with fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 190 μg (ILUVIEN®)[J/OL]. Ther Adv Ophthalmol, 2019, 11: 2515841418820755[2019-01-05]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643869/. DOI: 10.1177/2515841418820755.
43. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmology, 1995, 102(10): 1425-1433. DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30849-4.
44. 中华医学会眼科学分会青光眼学组. 中国新生血管性青光眼诊疗专家共识(2019年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.Glaucoma Group, Society of Ophthalmology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of neovascular glaucoma in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55(11): 814-817. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2019.11.005.
45. Mohamed Q, McIntosh RL, Saw SM, et al. Interventions for central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review[J]. Ophthalmology, 2007, 114(3): 507-519, 524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.011.
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Chinese Journal of Ocular Fundus Diseases

Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment path of retinal vein occlusion in China

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