- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China;
Dong Weili,
Email: wldcd@126.com
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is one of the most common retinal vascular diseases that cause blindness, and macular edema (ME) is often secondary to it, which causes serious visual impairment to patients. Imaging biomarkers in the changes of retina and choroid of ME secondary to RVO (RVO-ME) have important clinical value in the evaluation of condition, curative effect and visual acuity prediction of patients with RVO-ME. Among them, the disorganization of the retinal inner layers, the integrity of external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone, and the change of central macular thickness are reliable indexes to evaluate the prognosis of visual acuity, hyperreflective foci, subretinal fluid and intraretinal fluid can be used as important parameters to reflect the level of inflammation, prominent middle limiting membrane and paracentral acute middle maculopathy are the objective basis for judging the degree of retinal ischemia, and the changes of choroidal vascular index and choroidal thickness also have potential advantages in evaluating the progress of the disease. An accurate grasp of the characteristics of imaging biomarkers is conducive to its reasonable and accurate use in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO-ME, and helpful to further explore the pathogenesis of the disease.
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- 1. Song P, Xu Y, Zha M, et al. Global epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, and risk factors[J/OL]. J Glob Health, 2019, 9(1): 10427[2019-06-01]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31131101/. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.010427.
- 2. Mimouni M, Segev O, Dori D, et al. Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a predictor of visual acuity in eyes with macular edema secondary to vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 186: 160-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.08.005.
- 3. Noma H, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Cytokines and the pathogenesis of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2019, 2019: 5185128[2019-05-02]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191997/. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5185128.
- 4. Tang Y, Cheng Y, Wang S, et al. Review: the development of risk factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion[J/OL]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2022, 9: 910600[2022-06-15]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35783660/. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.910600.
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- 6. Kessler LJ, Bagautdinov D, Łabuz G, et al. Semi-automated quantification of retinal and choroidal biomarkers in retinal vascular diseases: agreement of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with and without enhanced depth imaging mode[J/OL]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2022, 12(2): 333[2022-01-27]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35204422/. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020333.
- 7. Goker YS, Atılgan CU, Tekin K, et al. Association between disorganization of the retinal inner layers and capillary nonperfusion area in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2020, 83(6): 497-504. DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20200093.
- 8. Wang J, Cui Y, Vingopoulos F, et al. Disorganisation of retinal inner layers is associated with reduced contrast sensitivity in retinal vein occlusion[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2022, 106(2): 241-245. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317615.
- 9. Eldeeb M, Chan EW, Sun V, et al. Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a predictor of visual acuity in eyes with macular edema secondary to vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2018, 186: 167-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.10.037.
- 10. Chan EW, Eldeeb M, Sun V, et al. Disorganization of retinal inner layers and ellipsoid zone disruption predict visual outcomes in central retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2019, 3(1): 83-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2018.07.008.
- 11. Yiu G, Huang D, Wang Y, et al. Predictors of as-needed ranibizumab injection frequency in patients with macular edema following retinal vein occlusion[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2023, 249: 74-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.01.004.
- 12. Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Huang X, et al. Clinical characteristics of paracentral acute middle maculopathy in eyes with retinal vascular occlusion diseases in chinese patients[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2021, 2021: 8867570[2021-06-18]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34239722/. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8867570.
- 13. Furashova O, Matthè E. Hyperreflectivity of inner retinal layers as a quantitative parameter of ischemic damage in acute retinal vein occlusion (RVO): an optical coherence tomography study[J]. Clin Ophthalmol, 2020, 14: 2453-2462. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S260000.
- 14. Siedlecki J, Hattenbach LO, Feltgen N, et al. Biomarkers in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologie, 2022, 119(11): 1111-1120. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-022-01732-1.
- 15. Scharf J, Freund KB, Sadda S, et al. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and the organization of the retinal capillary plexuses[J/OL]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2021, 81: 100884[2020-08-09]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32783959/. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100884.
- 16. 孙梅, 郝晓凤, 谢立科, 等. 视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的OCT影像指标研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2023, 23(1): 58-61. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2023.1.11.Sun M, Hao XF, Xie LK, et al. Research progress on optical coherence tomography imaging indicators of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2023, 23(1): 58-61. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2023.1.11.
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- 19. Tang F, Qin X, Lu J, et al. Optical coherence tomography predictors of short-term visual acuity in eyes with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal conbercept[J]. Retina, 2020, 40(4): 773-785. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.00000000000002444.
- 20. Yiu G, Welch RJ, Wang Y, et al. Spectral-domain OCT predictors of visual outcomes after Ranibizumab treatment for macular edema resulting from retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2020, 4(1): 67-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.08.009.
- 21. Chatziralli I, Kazantzis D, Kroupis C, et al. The impact of laboratory findings and optical coherence tomography biomarkers on response to intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Int Ophthalmol, 2022, 42(11): 3449-3457. DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02344-z.
- 22. Liu H, Li S, Zhang Z, et al. Predicting the visual acuity for retinal vein occlusion after Ranibizumab therapy with an original ranking for macular microstructure[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 15(1): 890-896. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5437.
- 23. Moon BG, Cho AR, Kim YN, et al. Predictors of refractory macular edema after branch retinal vein occlusion following intravitreal Bevacizumab[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(6): 1166-1174. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001674.
- 24. Ciulla TA, Kapik B, Hu A, et al. Anatomic biomarkers of macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmol Retina, 2022, 6(12): 1206-1220. DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2022.06.016.
- 25. Segal O, Yavnieli R, Mimouni M, et al. Optical coherence tomography biomarkers predicting visual acuity change after intravitreal Bevacizumab injections for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion[J]. Ophthalmologica, 2022, 245(1): 19-24. DOI: 10.1159/000519373.
- 26. Chatziralli I, Theodossiadis G, Chatzirallis A, et al. Ranibizumab for retinal vein occlusion: predictive factors and long-term outcomes in real-life data[J]. Retina, 2018, 38(3): 559-568. DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001579.
- 27. Han X, Zhang L, Tang J, et al. Correlation of photoreceptor damage with anti-retina antibodies level in aqueous humor in macular edema patients[J/OL]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 21212[2022-12-08]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36481862/. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25875-y.
- 28. Fragiotta S, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Dolz-Marco R, et al. Significance of hyperreflective foci as an optical coherence tomography biomarker in retinal diseases: characterization and clinical implications[J/OL]. J Ophthalmol, 2021, 2021: 6096017[2021-12-17]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34956669/. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6096017.
- 29. Castro-Navarro V, Monferrer-Adsuara C, Navarro-Palop C, et al. Optical coherence tomography biomarkers in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with dexamethasone implant[J/OL]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2022, 22(1): 191[2022-04-26]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35473615/. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02415-w.
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