Foot growth and foot types in children and adolescents: a narrative review_Journal of Biomedical Engineering

Authors：

XU Miaomiao ,  WANG Lin

School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

WANG Lin, Email: wanglin@sus.edu.cn

Keywords：

foot shape; Chinese children and adolescents; footwear

DOI：

10.7507/1001-5515.201612063

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Foot shape and size are important for footwear design and production. Information about important foot characteristics helps not only to improve shoe comfort but to maintain the proper physiological development of the feet. What’s more, plenty of studies have suggested that the shape of the shoe must closely resemble the shape of the foot to create a properly fitted shoe. This means that the differences between various populations should be considered and that footwear should be designed according to the measurements of users. Childhood and adolescent are important periods of human growth. During these periods, foot shape changes with human growth and can be influenced by extrinsic factors. Therefore, the foot shape characteristics of children and adolescents should be investigated. The results from these investigations can contribute to developing appropriate shoe for children and adolescents, improving perceived comfort of children shoes and preventing pedopathy among children and adolescents. This review aims to discuss measuring methods of foot shape, types of foot shape, and factors influencing foot shape. The results of the review can provide recommendations for investigating growth development of foot shape and useful information for consumers and shoe manufacturers.

Citation： XU Miaomiao, WANG Lin. Foot growth and foot types in children and adolescents: a narrative review. Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2017, 34(4): 648-652. doi: 10.7507/1001-5515.201612063 Copy

1.	Hong Youlian, Wang Lin, Xu Dongqing, et al. Gender differences in foot shape: a study of Chinese young adults. Sports Biomechanics, 2011, 10(2): 85-97.
2.	Barisch-Fritz B, Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, et al. Foot deformation during walking: differences between static and dynamic 3D foot morphology in developing feet. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(6): 921-933.
3.	Aiyer A, Hennrikus W. Foot pain in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2014, 61(6): 1185-1205.
4.	张哲, 丘理, 林登云. 福建省儿童脚型及非正常足弓的分析. 中国皮革, 2015, 44(4): 110-115.
5.	孙慜倩, 王宏付. 基于 3D 扫描的女性脚型数据分析. 中国皮革, 2014, 43(6): 109-111, 115.
6.	Lee Yuchi, Wang M J. Taiwanese adult foot shape classification using 3D scanning data. Ergonomics, 2015, 58(3): 513-523.
7.	吴婷. 西安地区儿童脚型分析及其数字化鞋楦的构建. 西安: 陕西科技大学, 2016.
8.	Krauss I, Grau S, Mauch M, et al. Sex-related differences in foot shape. Ergonomics, 2008, 51(11): 1693-1709.
9.	Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, et al. A new approach to children’s footwear based on foot type classification. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(8): 999-1008.
10.	Patrick O M. Jay H, Dennis M B, Irene S D. The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Brit J Sport Med, 2014, 49(5): 1-9.
11.	Sacco I C, Onodera A N, Bosch K A. Comparisons of foot anthropometry and plantar arch indices between German and Brazilian children. BMC Pediatr, 2015, 15(4): 1-6.
12.	Lee Yuchi, Kouchi M, Mochimaru M, et al. Comparing 3D foot shape models between Taiwanese and Japanese females. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), 2015, 44(1): 11-20.
13.	Saghazadeh M, Kitano N, Okura T. Gender differences of foot characteristics in older Japanese adults using a 3D foot scanner. J Foot Ankle Res, 2015, 8(29): 29.
14.	Shu Yang, Mei Qichang, Fernandez J, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually shod and unshod runners. PLoS One, 2015, 10(7): e0131385.
15.	Wang L P, Mei Q C, Gu Y D, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually unshod runners and shod runners through inverse modelling. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 26(1): 19-27.
16.	丘理. 中国人群脚型规律的研究(之一)中国成人脚型基本规律. 中国皮革, 2005, 18: 135-139.
17.	Rocha E S, Bratz D K, Gubert L C, et al. Obese children experience higher plantar pressure and lower foot sensitivity than non-obese. Clinical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(7): 822-827.
18.	Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0149924.
19.	Bol’shakov O P, Kotov I R, Poliakova E L. Foot arch shape in children aged 2-5 years according to the data of plantography and holographic interferometry. Morfologiia, 2014, 146(4): 64-69.
20.	Delgado-Abellán L, Aguado X, Jiménez-Ormeño E, et al. Foot morphology in Spanish school children according to sex and age. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(5): 787-797.
21.	Barisch F B, Plank C, Grau S. Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet. Footwear Sci, 2016, 8(3): 119-127.
22.	Waseda Akeo, Suda Yasunori, Inokuchi S, et al. Standard growth of the foot arch in childhood and adolescence--derived from the measurement results of 10, 155 children. Foot Ankle Surg, 2014, 20(3): 208-214.
23.	张悠然, 王坤余, 徐波, 等. 三维扫描仪在四川儿童足部形态学中的应用研究. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 115-117.
24.	丘理. 中国人群脚型规律的研究(之二)中国儿童脚型基本规律. 中国皮革, 2005, 22: 135-137.
25.	林登云. 泉州市儿童脚型测量及特征值分析. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 104-107, 111.
26.	邢兆毅. 中国高校 18-25 岁青年人脚型特征研究. 济南: 山东体育学院, 2014.
27.	吴立娟. 中国 4-11 岁儿童足型参数测量和动态足底压力分析//2015第十届全国体育科学大会. 浙江杭州. 2015: 628-630.
28.	黄大元, 张惠娟, 石慧娟, 等. 武陵山区土家族儿童青少年足型分析. 解剖学杂志, 2015, 38(1): 78-81.
29.	王宵宵, 陈树青, 林登云. 儿童脚基本宽度与跖趾围长关系的分析. 中国皮革, 2014, 43(24): 118-121, 125.
30.	崔丽娜. 福建地区男青年脚型分型研究. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 108-111.

1. Hong Youlian, Wang Lin, Xu Dongqing, et al. Gender differences in foot shape: a study of Chinese young adults. Sports Biomechanics, 2011, 10(2): 85-97.
2. Barisch-Fritz B, Schmeltzpfenning T, Plank C, et al. Foot deformation during walking: differences between static and dynamic 3D foot morphology in developing feet. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(6): 921-933.
3. Aiyer A, Hennrikus W. Foot pain in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2014, 61(6): 1185-1205.
4. 张哲, 丘理, 林登云. 福建省儿童脚型及非正常足弓的分析. 中国皮革, 2015, 44(4): 110-115.
5. 孙慜倩, 王宏付. 基于 3D 扫描的女性脚型数据分析. 中国皮革, 2014, 43(6): 109-111, 115.
6. Lee Yuchi, Wang M J. Taiwanese adult foot shape classification using 3D scanning data. Ergonomics, 2015, 58(3): 513-523.
7. 吴婷. 西安地区儿童脚型分析及其数字化鞋楦的构建. 西安: 陕西科技大学, 2016.
8. Krauss I, Grau S, Mauch M, et al. Sex-related differences in foot shape. Ergonomics, 2008, 51(11): 1693-1709.
9. Mauch M, Grau S, Krauss I, et al. A new approach to children’s footwear based on foot type classification. Ergonomics, 2009, 52(8): 999-1008.
10. Patrick O M. Jay H, Dennis M B, Irene S D. The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Brit J Sport Med, 2014, 49(5): 1-9.
11. Sacco I C, Onodera A N, Bosch K A. Comparisons of foot anthropometry and plantar arch indices between German and Brazilian children. BMC Pediatr, 2015, 15(4): 1-6.
12. Lee Yuchi, Kouchi M, Mochimaru M, et al. Comparing 3D foot shape models between Taiwanese and Japanese females. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), 2015, 44(1): 11-20.
13. Saghazadeh M, Kitano N, Okura T. Gender differences of foot characteristics in older Japanese adults using a 3D foot scanner. J Foot Ankle Res, 2015, 8(29): 29.
14. Shu Yang, Mei Qichang, Fernandez J, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually shod and unshod runners. PLoS One, 2015, 10(7): e0131385.
15. Wang L P, Mei Q C, Gu Y D, et al. Foot morphological difference between habitually unshod runners and shod runners through inverse modelling. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 2016, 26(1): 19-27.
16. 丘理. 中国人群脚型规律的研究(之一)中国成人脚型基本规律. 中国皮革, 2005, 18: 135-139.
17. Rocha E S, Bratz D K, Gubert L C, et al. Obese children experience higher plantar pressure and lower foot sensitivity than non-obese. Clinical Biomechanics, 2014, 29(7): 822-827.
18. Mueller S, Carlsohn A, Mueller J, et al. Influence of obesity on foot loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years. PLoS One, 2016, 11(2): e0149924.
19. Bol’shakov O P, Kotov I R, Poliakova E L. Foot arch shape in children aged 2-5 years according to the data of plantography and holographic interferometry. Morfologiia, 2014, 146(4): 64-69.
20. Delgado-Abellán L, Aguado X, Jiménez-Ormeño E, et al. Foot morphology in Spanish school children according to sex and age. Ergonomics, 2014, 57(5): 787-797.
21. Barisch F B, Plank C, Grau S. Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet. Footwear Sci, 2016, 8(3): 119-127.
22. Waseda Akeo, Suda Yasunori, Inokuchi S, et al. Standard growth of the foot arch in childhood and adolescence--derived from the measurement results of 10, 155 children. Foot Ankle Surg, 2014, 20(3): 208-214.
23. 张悠然, 王坤余, 徐波, 等. 三维扫描仪在四川儿童足部形态学中的应用研究. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 115-117.
24. 丘理. 中国人群脚型规律的研究(之二)中国儿童脚型基本规律. 中国皮革, 2005, 22: 135-137.
25. 林登云. 泉州市儿童脚型测量及特征值分析. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 104-107, 111.
26. 邢兆毅. 中国高校 18-25 岁青年人脚型特征研究. 济南: 山东体育学院, 2014.
27. 吴立娟. 中国 4-11 岁儿童足型参数测量和动态足底压力分析//2015第十届全国体育科学大会. 浙江杭州. 2015: 628-630.
28. 黄大元, 张惠娟, 石慧娟, 等. 武陵山区土家族儿童青少年足型分析. 解剖学杂志, 2015, 38(1): 78-81.
29. 王宵宵, 陈树青, 林登云. 儿童脚基本宽度与跖趾围长关系的分析. 中国皮革, 2014, 43(24): 118-121, 125.
30. 崔丽娜. 福建地区男青年脚型分型研究. 中国皮革, 2014(4): 108-111.

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