- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China;
Non-heart-beating donor is an important source for lung transplantation, and has been successfully used in clinical practice for many years with satisfactory outcomes. But donor shortage, imperfect lung preservation techniques and ethical controversies still limit the development of non-heart-beating donor. In recent years, with continuous scientific progress, great progress has been made in each aspect of non-heart-beating donor. Here we review the clinical categories, ischemia time, death determination, ethical progress, and lung preservation techniques of non-heart-beating donor.
Citation: CHENFei, DINGFang-bao. Research Progress of Non-heart-beating Donor in Lung Transplantation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015, 22(2): 155-160. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.20150043 Copy
1. | Steen S, Sjöberg T, Pierre L, et al. Transplantation of lungs from a non-heart-beating donor. Lancet, 2001, 357(9259):825-829. |
2. | Gámez P, Córdoba M, Ussetti P, et al. Lung transplantation from out-of-hospital non-heart-beating lung donor. One-year experience and results. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(8):1098-1102. |
3. | de Antonio DG, Marcos R, Laporta R, et al. Results of clinical lung transplant from uncontrolled non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007, 26(5):529-534. |
4. | Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, et al. Report of the ISHLT Working Group on Primary Lung Graft Dysfunction part II:definition. A consensus statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(10):1454-1459. |
5. | Cypel M, Keshavjee S. Strategies for safe donor expansion:donor management, donations after cardiac death, ex-vivo lung perfusion. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2013, 18(5):513-517. |
6. | Levvey BJ, Harkess M, Hopkins P, et al. Excellent clinical outcomes from a national donation-after-determinations-of-cardiac-death lung transplant collaborative. Am J Transplant, 2012, 12(9):2406-2413. |
7. | Kang CH, Anraku M, Cypel M, et al. Transcriptional signatures in donor lungs from donation after cardiac death vs after brain death:a functional pathway analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(3):289-298. |
8. | Detry O, Le Dinh H, Noterdaeme T, et al. Categories of donation after cardiocirculatory death. Transplant Proc, 2012, 44(5):1189-1195. |
9. | Rodriguez-Arias D, Deballon IO. Protocols for uncontrolled donation after circulatory death. Lancet, 2012, 379(9823):1275-1276. |
10. | Manara AR, Murphy PG, O'Callaghan G. Donation after circulatory death. Br J Anaesth, 2012, 108(S1):i108-i121. |
11. | Keshava HB, Harver CF, Brown CR, et al. Timing of heparin and thrombus formation in donor lungs after cardiac death. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 61(3):246-250. |
12. | Sanchez PG, Bittle GJ, Williams K, et al. Ex vivo lung evaluation of prearrest heparinization in donation after cardiac death. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(3):534-541. |
13. | Wallinder A, Steen S, Liden H, et al. Heparin does not improve graft function in uncontrolled non-heart-beating lung donation:an experimental study in pigs. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 43(2):413-419. |
14. | Brown CR, Shafli AE, Farver CF, et al. Pathologic correlates of heparin-free donation after cardiac death in lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 145(5):e49-e50. |
15. | Suntharalingam C, Sharples L, Dudley C, et al. Time to cardiac death after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in potential organ donors. Am J Transplant, 2009, 9(9):2157-2165. |
16. | Nagao K, Kikushima K, Watanabe K, et al. Early induction of hypothermia during cardiac arrest improves neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who undergo emergency cardiopulmonary bypass and percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ J, 2010, 74(1):77-85. |
17. | Nielsen N, Sandhall L, Scherstén F, et al. Successful resuscitation with mechanical CPR, therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention during manual CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2005, 65(1):111-113. |
18. | Massetti M, Tasle M, Le Page O, et al. Back from irreversibility:extracorporeal life support for prolonged cardiac arrest. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 79(1):178-184. |
19. | Nikolaou NI, Christou AH. Cardiac aetiology of cardiac arrest:percutaneous coronary interventions during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2013, 27(3):347-358. |
20. | Nielsen N, Sandhall L, Scherstén F, et al. Successful resuscitation with mechanical CPR, therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention during manual CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2005, 65(1):111-113. |
21. | Wall SP, Kaufman BJ, Gilbert AJ, et al. Derivation of the uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocol for New York City. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(7):1417-1426. |
22. | Bernat JL, Capron AM, Bleck TP, et al. The circulatory-respiratory determination of death in organ donation. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(3):963-970. |
23. | Childress JF. Organ donation after circulatory determination of death:lessons and unresolved controversies. J Law Med Ethics, 2008, 36(4):766-771. |
24. | Younger SJ, Amold RM. Ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors, JAMA, 1993, 269(21):2769-2774. |
25. | Wall SP, Kaufman BJ, Gillbert AJ, et al. Derivation of the uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocol for New York City. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(7):1417-1426. |
26. | Hornby K, Hornby L, Shemie SD, et al. A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(5):1246-1253. |
27. | Sheth KN, Nutter T, Stein DM, et al. Autoresuscitation after asystole in patients being considered for organ donation. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(1):158-161. |
28. | Ysebaert D, Van Beeumen G, De Greef K, et al. Organ procurement after euthanasia:Belgian experience. Transplant Proc, 2009, 41(2):585-586. |
29. | Wilkinson D, Savulescu J. Should we allow organ donation euthanasia? Alternatives for maximizing the number and quality of organs for transplantation. Bioethics, 2012, 26(1):32-48. |
30. | Cypel M, Yeung JC, Liu M, et al. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15):1431-1440. |
31. | Wallinder A, Ricksten SE, Hansson C, et al. Transplantation of initially rejected donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1222-1228. |
32. | Cypel M, Yeung JC, Liu M, et al. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15):1431-1440. |
33. | Cypel M, Yeung JC, Machuca T, et al. Experience with the first. |
34. | ex vivo lung perfusions in clinical transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1200-1206. |
35. | Wallinder A, Ricksten SE, Hansson C, et al. Transplantation of initially rejected donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1222-1228. |
36. | Warnecke G, Weigmann B, Van Raemdonck D, et al. The INSPIRE International Lung Trial with the Organ Care System Technology(OCSTM). J Heart Lung Transplant, 2013, 32(4S):S16. |
37. | Souilamas R, Souilamas Jl Jr, Saueressig M, et al. Advanced normothermic ex vivo lung maintenance using the mobile Organ Care System. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(7):847-848. |
38. | Jackson A, Cropper J, Pye R, et al. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to primary lung transplant:3 consecutive, successful cases and a review of the literature. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2008, 27(3):348-352. |
39. | Hämmäinen P, Schersten H, Lemström K, et al. Usefulness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation:a descriptive study. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(1):103-107. |
40. | Lang G, Taghavi S, Aigner C, et al. Primary lung transplantation after bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:a plea for a shift in our paradigms for indications. Transplantation, 2012, 93(7):729-736. |
41. | Bermudez CA, Rocha RV, Zaldonis D, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplant:midterm outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 92(4):1226-1232. |
42. | Camboni D, Akay B, Pohlmann JR, et al. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with interatrial shunting:a novel approach to lung transplantation for patients in right ventricular failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 141(2):537-542. |
43. | Perrot M, Granton JT, McRae K, et al. Impact of extracorporeal life support on outcome in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension awaiting lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(9):997-1002. |
44. | Aigner C, Wisser W, Taghavi S, et al. Institutional experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 31(3):468-473. |
45. | Xu LF, Li X, Guo Z, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during double-lung transplantation:single center experience. Chin Med J, 2010, 123(3):269-273. |
46. | Wigfield CH, Lindsey JD, Steffens TG, et al. Early institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation improves outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007, 26(4):331-338. |
47. | Hartwig MG, Walczak R, Lin SS, et al. Improved survival but marginal allograft function in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(2):366-371. |
48. | Bermudez CA, Adusumilli PS, McCurry KR, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation:long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(3):854-860. |
49. | Vicente R, Moreno l, Soria A, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation. Med Intensiva, 2013, 37(2):110-115. |
50. | Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on primary lung graft dysfunction part ii:definition. a consensus statement of the international society for heart and lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(10):1454-1459. |
- 1. Steen S, Sjöberg T, Pierre L, et al. Transplantation of lungs from a non-heart-beating donor. Lancet, 2001, 357(9259):825-829.
- 2. Gámez P, Córdoba M, Ussetti P, et al. Lung transplantation from out-of-hospital non-heart-beating lung donor. One-year experience and results. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(8):1098-1102.
- 3. de Antonio DG, Marcos R, Laporta R, et al. Results of clinical lung transplant from uncontrolled non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007, 26(5):529-534.
- 4. Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, et al. Report of the ISHLT Working Group on Primary Lung Graft Dysfunction part II:definition. A consensus statement of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(10):1454-1459.
- 5. Cypel M, Keshavjee S. Strategies for safe donor expansion:donor management, donations after cardiac death, ex-vivo lung perfusion. Curr Opin Organ Transplant, 2013, 18(5):513-517.
- 6. Levvey BJ, Harkess M, Hopkins P, et al. Excellent clinical outcomes from a national donation-after-determinations-of-cardiac-death lung transplant collaborative. Am J Transplant, 2012, 12(9):2406-2413.
- 7. Kang CH, Anraku M, Cypel M, et al. Transcriptional signatures in donor lungs from donation after cardiac death vs after brain death:a functional pathway analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(3):289-298.
- 8. Detry O, Le Dinh H, Noterdaeme T, et al. Categories of donation after cardiocirculatory death. Transplant Proc, 2012, 44(5):1189-1195.
- 9. Rodriguez-Arias D, Deballon IO. Protocols for uncontrolled donation after circulatory death. Lancet, 2012, 379(9823):1275-1276.
- 10. Manara AR, Murphy PG, O'Callaghan G. Donation after circulatory death. Br J Anaesth, 2012, 108(S1):i108-i121.
- 11. Keshava HB, Harver CF, Brown CR, et al. Timing of heparin and thrombus formation in donor lungs after cardiac death. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 61(3):246-250.
- 12. Sanchez PG, Bittle GJ, Williams K, et al. Ex vivo lung evaluation of prearrest heparinization in donation after cardiac death. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(3):534-541.
- 13. Wallinder A, Steen S, Liden H, et al. Heparin does not improve graft function in uncontrolled non-heart-beating lung donation:an experimental study in pigs. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2013, 43(2):413-419.
- 14. Brown CR, Shafli AE, Farver CF, et al. Pathologic correlates of heparin-free donation after cardiac death in lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2013, 145(5):e49-e50.
- 15. Suntharalingam C, Sharples L, Dudley C, et al. Time to cardiac death after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in potential organ donors. Am J Transplant, 2009, 9(9):2157-2165.
- 16. Nagao K, Kikushima K, Watanabe K, et al. Early induction of hypothermia during cardiac arrest improves neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who undergo emergency cardiopulmonary bypass and percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ J, 2010, 74(1):77-85.
- 17. Nielsen N, Sandhall L, Scherstén F, et al. Successful resuscitation with mechanical CPR, therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention during manual CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2005, 65(1):111-113.
- 18. Massetti M, Tasle M, Le Page O, et al. Back from irreversibility:extracorporeal life support for prolonged cardiac arrest. Ann Thorac Surg, 2005, 79(1):178-184.
- 19. Nikolaou NI, Christou AH. Cardiac aetiology of cardiac arrest:percutaneous coronary interventions during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2013, 27(3):347-358.
- 20. Nielsen N, Sandhall L, Scherstén F, et al. Successful resuscitation with mechanical CPR, therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention during manual CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 2005, 65(1):111-113.
- 21. Wall SP, Kaufman BJ, Gilbert AJ, et al. Derivation of the uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocol for New York City. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(7):1417-1426.
- 22. Bernat JL, Capron AM, Bleck TP, et al. The circulatory-respiratory determination of death in organ donation. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(3):963-970.
- 23. Childress JF. Organ donation after circulatory determination of death:lessons and unresolved controversies. J Law Med Ethics, 2008, 36(4):766-771.
- 24. Younger SJ, Amold RM. Ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors, JAMA, 1993, 269(21):2769-2774.
- 25. Wall SP, Kaufman BJ, Gillbert AJ, et al. Derivation of the uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocol for New York City. Am J Transplant, 2011, 11(7):1417-1426.
- 26. Hornby K, Hornby L, Shemie SD, et al. A systematic review of autoresuscitation after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(5):1246-1253.
- 27. Sheth KN, Nutter T, Stein DM, et al. Autoresuscitation after asystole in patients being considered for organ donation. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(1):158-161.
- 28. Ysebaert D, Van Beeumen G, De Greef K, et al. Organ procurement after euthanasia:Belgian experience. Transplant Proc, 2009, 41(2):585-586.
- 29. Wilkinson D, Savulescu J. Should we allow organ donation euthanasia? Alternatives for maximizing the number and quality of organs for transplantation. Bioethics, 2012, 26(1):32-48.
- 30. Cypel M, Yeung JC, Liu M, et al. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15):1431-1440.
- 31. Wallinder A, Ricksten SE, Hansson C, et al. Transplantation of initially rejected donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1222-1228.
- 32. Cypel M, Yeung JC, Liu M, et al. Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion in clinical lung transplantation. N Engl J Med, 2011, 364(15):1431-1440.
- 33. Cypel M, Yeung JC, Machuca T, et al. Experience with the first.
- 34. ex vivo lung perfusions in clinical transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1200-1206.
- 35. Wallinder A, Ricksten SE, Hansson C, et al. Transplantation of initially rejected donor lungs after ex vivo lung perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2012, 144(5):1222-1228.
- 36. Warnecke G, Weigmann B, Van Raemdonck D, et al. The INSPIRE International Lung Trial with the Organ Care System Technology(OCSTM). J Heart Lung Transplant, 2013, 32(4S):S16.
- 37. Souilamas R, Souilamas Jl Jr, Saueressig M, et al. Advanced normothermic ex vivo lung maintenance using the mobile Organ Care System. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(7):847-848.
- 38. Jackson A, Cropper J, Pye R, et al. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to primary lung transplant:3 consecutive, successful cases and a review of the literature. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2008, 27(3):348-352.
- 39. Hämmäinen P, Schersten H, Lemström K, et al. Usefulness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation:a descriptive study. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(1):103-107.
- 40. Lang G, Taghavi S, Aigner C, et al. Primary lung transplantation after bridge with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:a plea for a shift in our paradigms for indications. Transplantation, 2012, 93(7):729-736.
- 41. Bermudez CA, Rocha RV, Zaldonis D, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplant:midterm outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2011, 92(4):1226-1232.
- 42. Camboni D, Akay B, Pohlmann JR, et al. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with interatrial shunting:a novel approach to lung transplantation for patients in right ventricular failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2011, 141(2):537-542.
- 43. Perrot M, Granton JT, McRae K, et al. Impact of extracorporeal life support on outcome in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension awaiting lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2011, 30(9):997-1002.
- 44. Aigner C, Wisser W, Taghavi S, et al. Institutional experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 31(3):468-473.
- 45. Xu LF, Li X, Guo Z, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during double-lung transplantation:single center experience. Chin Med J, 2010, 123(3):269-273.
- 46. Wigfield CH, Lindsey JD, Steffens TG, et al. Early institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation improves outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2007, 26(4):331-338.
- 47. Hartwig MG, Walczak R, Lin SS, et al. Improved survival but marginal allograft function in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg, 2012, 93(2):366-371.
- 48. Bermudez CA, Adusumilli PS, McCurry KR, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation:long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg, 2009, 87(3):854-860.
- 49. Vicente R, Moreno l, Soria A, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation. Med Intensiva, 2013, 37(2):110-115.
- 50. Christie JD, Carby M, Bag R, et al. Report of the ISHLT working group on primary lung graft dysfunction part ii:definition. a consensus statement of the international society for heart and lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005, 24(10):1454-1459.