Advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of infective endocarditis_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

SONG Yu ,  WU Long , DONG Nianguo

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, P.R.China;

Corresponding author：

WU Long, Email: wulong@hust.edu.cn

Keywords：

Infective endocarditis; surgery; cardiac valve; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202005040

Video：

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease with severe complications and high mortality. It is heterogeneous in etiology, clinical manifestations, and course. At the same time, there are many disputes on the clinical practice of antibiotic treatment, surgical indications and timing. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of IE, especially the latest advances in surgical treatment after the release of European Society of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines in 2015.

Citation： SONG Yu, WU Long, DONG Nianguo. Advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2021, 28(6): 740-749. doi: 10.7507/1007-4848.202005040 Copy

1.	Thornhill MH, Jones S, Prendergast B, et al. Quantifying infective endocarditis risk in patients with predisposing cardiac conditions. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(7): 586-595.
2.	陈星伟, 刘亚欣, 于欢, 等. 阜外医院感染性心内膜炎300例临床特征分析. 中国循环杂志, 2018, 33(11): 1102-1107.
3.	Oliver L, Lavoute C, Giorgi R, et al. Infective endocarditis in octogenarians. Heart, 2017, 103(20): 1602-1609.
4.	Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, et al. Challenges in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(3): 325-344.
5.	Iung B, Rouzet F, Brochet E, et al. Cardiac imaging of infective endocarditis, echo and beyond. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2017, 19(2): 8.
6.	Huang JS, Ho AS, Ahmed A, et al. Borne identity: CT imaging of vascular infections. Emerg Radiol, 2011, 18(4): 335-343.
7.	中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 成人感染性心内膜炎预防、诊断和治疗专家共识. 中华心血管病杂志, 2014, 42(10): 806-816.
8.	Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(44): 3075-3128.
9.	Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: Diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2015, 132(15): 1435-1486.
10.	Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, et al. Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(5): 415-424.
11.	Anantha Narayanan M, Mahfood Haddad T, Kalil AC, et al. Early versus late surgical intervention or medical management for infective endocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 2016, 102(12): 950-957.
12.	Kang DH, Lee S, Kim YJ, et al. Long-term results of early surgery versus conventional treatment for infective endocarditis trial. Korean Circ J, 2016, 46(6): 846-850.
13.	Kim YK, Choi CG, Jung J, et al. Effect of cerebral embolus size on the timing of cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis in patients with neurological complications. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2018, 37(3): 545-553.
14.	Murai R, Funakoshi S, Kaji S, et al. Outcomes of early surgery for infective endocarditis with moderate cerebral complications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(4): 831-840.
15.	Tam DY, Yanagawa B, Verma S, et al. Early vs late surgery for patients with endocarditis and neurological injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol, 2018, 34(9): 1185-1199.
16.	Laperche C, Lairez O, Ferrieres J, et al. Coronary angiography in the setting of acute infective endocarditis requiring surgical treatment. Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 2020, 113(1): 50-58.
17.	El-Dalati S, Shea M, Fukuhara S, et al. The role of coronary catheterization with angiography in surgically managed infectious endocarditis. Am J Med, 2020, 133(9): 1101-1104.
18.	Kumar A, Anstey C, Tesar P, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery for infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(4): 1101-1106.
19.	Varela Barca L, Navas Elorza E, Fernández-Hidalgo N, et al. Prognostic factors of mortality after surgery in infective endocarditis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection, 2019, 47(6): 879-895.
20.	Tao E, Wan L, Wang W, et al. The prognosis of infective endocarditis treated with biological valves versus mechanical valves: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2017, 12(4): e0174519.
21.	Delahaye F, Chu VH, Altclas J, et al. One-year outcome following biological or mechanical valve replacement for infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol, 2015, 178: 117-123.
22.	Toyoda N, Itagaki S, Tannous H, et al. Bioprosthetic versus mechanical valve replacement for infective endocarditis: Focus on recurrence rates. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(1): 99-106.
23.	Bashir M, Harky A, Froghi S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanical vs biological composite aortic root replacement, early and 1-year results. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(1): 70-76.
24.	Folkmann S, Seeburger J, Garbade J, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for mitral valve infective endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 66(7): 525-529.
25.	Fleißner F, Salman J, Naqizadah J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery in mitral valve endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(8): 637-643.
26.	Hosseini S, Rezaei Y, Mazaheri T, et al. Tricuspid valve repair for infective endocarditis with periannular involvement: Complete valve reconstruction. J Heart Valve Dis, 2016, 25(6): 730-738.
27.	Protos AN, Trivedi JR, Whited WM, et al. Valvectomy versus replacement for the surgical treatment of tricuspid endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(3): 664-669.
28.	Slaughter MS, Badhwar V, Ising M, et al. Optimum surgical treatment for tricuspid valve infective endocarditis: An analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons national database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 161(4): 1227-1235.
29.	Jiang X, Liu J, Khan F, et al. Aortic and mitral valve surgery for infective endocarditis with reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrous body: An analysis of clinical outcomes. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(4): 1427-1436.
30.	Khan A, Aslam A, Satti KN, et al. Infective endocarditis post-transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), microbiological profile and clinical outcomes: A systematic review. PLoS One, 2020, 15(1): e0225077.
31.	Bjursten H, Rasmussen M, Nozohoor S, et al. Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A nationwide study. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(39): 3263-3269.
32.	Regueiro A, Linke A, Latib A, et al. Association between transcatheter aortic valve replacement and subsequent infective endocarditis and in-hospital death. JAMA, 2016, 316(10): 1083-1092.
33.	Patel S, Rizvi SSA, Choi JH, et al. Management and outcomes of left ventricular assist device-associated endocarditis: A systematic review. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2019, 8(6): 600-609.
34.	Flynn CD, Curran NP, Chan S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical outcomes comparing mechanical valve replacement and bioprosthetic valve replacement in infective endocarditis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2019, 8(6): 587-599.
35.	Østergaard L, Valeur N, Ihlemann N, et al. Incidence and factors associated with infective endocarditis in patients undergoing left-sided heart valve replacement. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(28): 2668-2675.
36.	Mihos CG, Capoulade R, Yucel E, et al. Surgical versus medical therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis: A meta-analysis of 32 studies. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(3): 991-1004.
37.	Lalani T, Chu VH, Park LP, et al. In-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing early surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA Intern Med, 2013, 173(16): 1495-1504.

1. Thornhill MH, Jones S, Prendergast B, et al. Quantifying infective endocarditis risk in patients with predisposing cardiac conditions. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(7): 586-595.
2. 陈星伟, 刘亚欣, 于欢, 等. 阜外医院感染性心内膜炎300例临床特征分析. 中国循环杂志, 2018, 33(11): 1102-1107.
3. Oliver L, Lavoute C, Giorgi R, et al. Infective endocarditis in octogenarians. Heart, 2017, 103(20): 1602-1609.
4. Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, et al. Challenges in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017, 69(3): 325-344.
5. Iung B, Rouzet F, Brochet E, et al. Cardiac imaging of infective endocarditis, echo and beyond. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2017, 19(2): 8.
6. Huang JS, Ho AS, Ahmed A, et al. Borne identity: CT imaging of vascular infections. Emerg Radiol, 2011, 18(4): 335-343.
7. 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 成人感染性心内膜炎预防、诊断和治疗专家共识. 中华心血管病杂志, 2014, 42(10): 806-816.
8. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J, 2015, 36(44): 3075-3128.
9. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: Diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2015, 132(15): 1435-1486.
10. Iversen K, Ihlemann N, Gill SU, et al. Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(5): 415-424.
11. Anantha Narayanan M, Mahfood Haddad T, Kalil AC, et al. Early versus late surgical intervention or medical management for infective endocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart, 2016, 102(12): 950-957.
12. Kang DH, Lee S, Kim YJ, et al. Long-term results of early surgery versus conventional treatment for infective endocarditis trial. Korean Circ J, 2016, 46(6): 846-850.
13. Kim YK, Choi CG, Jung J, et al. Effect of cerebral embolus size on the timing of cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis in patients with neurological complications. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2018, 37(3): 545-553.
14. Murai R, Funakoshi S, Kaji S, et al. Outcomes of early surgery for infective endocarditis with moderate cerebral complications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2017, 153(4): 831-840.
15. Tam DY, Yanagawa B, Verma S, et al. Early vs late surgery for patients with endocarditis and neurological injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol, 2018, 34(9): 1185-1199.
16. Laperche C, Lairez O, Ferrieres J, et al. Coronary angiography in the setting of acute infective endocarditis requiring surgical treatment. Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 2020, 113(1): 50-58.
17. El-Dalati S, Shea M, Fukuhara S, et al. The role of coronary catheterization with angiography in surgically managed infectious endocarditis. Am J Med, 2020, 133(9): 1101-1104.
18. Kumar A, Anstey C, Tesar P, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery for infective endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(4): 1101-1106.
19. Varela Barca L, Navas Elorza E, Fernández-Hidalgo N, et al. Prognostic factors of mortality after surgery in infective endocarditis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection, 2019, 47(6): 879-895.
20. Tao E, Wan L, Wang W, et al. The prognosis of infective endocarditis treated with biological valves versus mechanical valves: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2017, 12(4): e0174519.
21. Delahaye F, Chu VH, Altclas J, et al. One-year outcome following biological or mechanical valve replacement for infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol, 2015, 178: 117-123.
22. Toyoda N, Itagaki S, Tannous H, et al. Bioprosthetic versus mechanical valve replacement for infective endocarditis: Focus on recurrence rates. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(1): 99-106.
23. Bashir M, Harky A, Froghi S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanical vs biological composite aortic root replacement, early and 1-year results. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(1): 70-76.
24. Folkmann S, Seeburger J, Garbade J, et al. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for mitral valve infective endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2018, 66(7): 525-529.
25. Fleißner F, Salman J, Naqizadah J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery in mitral valve endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2019, 67(8): 637-643.
26. Hosseini S, Rezaei Y, Mazaheri T, et al. Tricuspid valve repair for infective endocarditis with periannular involvement: Complete valve reconstruction. J Heart Valve Dis, 2016, 25(6): 730-738.
27. Protos AN, Trivedi JR, Whited WM, et al. Valvectomy versus replacement for the surgical treatment of tricuspid endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg, 2018, 106(3): 664-669.
28. Slaughter MS, Badhwar V, Ising M, et al. Optimum surgical treatment for tricuspid valve infective endocarditis: An analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons national database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2021, 161(4): 1227-1235.
29. Jiang X, Liu J, Khan F, et al. Aortic and mitral valve surgery for infective endocarditis with reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrous body: An analysis of clinical outcomes. J Thorac Dis, 2020, 12(4): 1427-1436.
30. Khan A, Aslam A, Satti KN, et al. Infective endocarditis post-transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), microbiological profile and clinical outcomes: A systematic review. PLoS One, 2020, 15(1): e0225077.
31. Bjursten H, Rasmussen M, Nozohoor S, et al. Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A nationwide study. Eur Heart J, 2019, 40(39): 3263-3269.
32. Regueiro A, Linke A, Latib A, et al. Association between transcatheter aortic valve replacement and subsequent infective endocarditis and in-hospital death. JAMA, 2016, 316(10): 1083-1092.
33. Patel S, Rizvi SSA, Choi JH, et al. Management and outcomes of left ventricular assist device-associated endocarditis: A systematic review. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2019, 8(6): 600-609.
34. Flynn CD, Curran NP, Chan S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical outcomes comparing mechanical valve replacement and bioprosthetic valve replacement in infective endocarditis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 2019, 8(6): 587-599.
35. Østergaard L, Valeur N, Ihlemann N, et al. Incidence and factors associated with infective endocarditis in patients undergoing left-sided heart valve replacement. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(28): 2668-2675.
36. Mihos CG, Capoulade R, Yucel E, et al. Surgical versus medical therapy for prosthetic valve endocarditis: A meta-analysis of 32 studies. Ann Thorac Surg, 2017, 103(3): 991-1004.
37. Lalani T, Chu VH, Park LP, et al. In-hospital and 1-year mortality in patients undergoing early surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA Intern Med, 2013, 173(16): 1495-1504.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of infective endocarditis

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