Research progress of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients after aortic surgery_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

LUO Zeruxin ¹ , ZHANG Xiu ¹ , TANG Zichun ² , YU Pengming ¹ , HU Jia ³ , LI Yuan ⁴ ,  CHEN Miao ³

1. Rehabilitation Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
2. School of Clinical Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
3. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;
4. Department of Nursing, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

CHEN Miao, Email: 846260052@qq.com

Keywords：

XX; Aortic dissection; aortic aneurysm; exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation; exercise training; review

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202504043

Video：

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Although aortic major vessel surgery can effectively correct anatomical abnormalities and improve disease prognosis, it remains challenging to eliminate residual aortic pathology and reduce the long-term risk of cardiovascular events. In addition, patients often experience reduced exercise tolerance and impaired health-related quality of life following surgery. In recent years, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR) has been widely promoted among patients with cardiovascular diseases, with its clinical benefits well established. However, patients undergoing surgery for aortic disease present with unique characteristics, and standard ECR protocols may not fully address their specific rehabilitation needs. There is a compelling need to develop tailored ECR strategies for this patient population. This article presents a comprehensive literature review of recent clinical studies on ECR in patients after aortic surgery, aiming to offer practical and evidence-based guidance for professionals in the field of cardiac rehabilitation.

1.	中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会, 侯晓彤. 2023年中国心血管外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2024, 22(4): 259-262.Chinese Society of Extra-Corporeal Circulation. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2023. Chin J Extracorp Circ, 2024, 22(4): 259-262.
2.	Mehta CK, Medina MG, Whippo B, et al. Overview of contemporary guidelines for management of acute type A aortic dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 169(6): 1677-1683.
3.	Du T, Wang W, Wang Y, et al. Research progress on aortic root aneurysms. Med Sci Monit, 2024 Feb 9: 30: e943216.
4.	Pasadyn SR, Roselli EE, Artis AS, et al. From court to couch: exercise and quality of life after acute type A aortic dissection. Aorta (Stamford), 2021, 9(5): 171-179.
5.	Eranki A, Wilson-Smith A, Williams ML, et al. Quality of life following surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection: a systematic review. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 17(1): 118.
6.	Carbone A, Palladino R, Franzese M, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with aortic dissection: an unmet need. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2024, 49(1 Pt C): 102138.
7.	Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, et al. Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean J Fam Med, 2020, 41(6): 365-373.
8.	Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022, 80(24): e223-e393.
9.	Van Iterson EH, Laffin LJ, Svensson LG, et al. Individualized exercise prescription and cardiac rehabilitation following a spontaneous coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection. Eur Heart J Open, 2022, 2(6): oeac075.
10.	Carbone A, Lamberti N, Manfredini R, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and acute aortic dissection: understanding and addressing the evidence GAP a systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2024, 49(3): 102348.
11.	Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(1): 17-96.
12.	Schwaab B, Rauch B, Völler H, et al. Beyond randomised studies: recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation following repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 28(17): e17-e19.
13.	Corone S, Iliou MC, Pierre B, et al. French registry of cases of type Ⅰ acute aortic dissection admitted to a cardiac rehabilitation center after surgery. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2009, 16(1): 91-95.
14.	Jepsen LR, D'Oria M, Pedersen SF, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise testing and rehabilitation for aortic dissection patients: a scoping review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2023, 43(3): 156-161.
15.	Chaddha A, Kline-Rogers E, Braverman AC, et al. Survivors of aortic dissection: activity, mental health, and sexual function. Clin Cardiol, 2015, 38(11): 652-659.
16.	Stiefel M, Brito da Silva H, Schmied CM, et al. Exercise, sports, and cardiac rehabilitation recommendations in patients with aortic aneurysms and post-aortic repair: a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2024, 11(12): 379.
17.	Gawinecka J, Schönrath F, von Eckardstein A. Acute aortic dissection: pathogenesis, risk factors and diagnosis. Swiss Med Wkly, 2017, 147: w14489.
18.	Pescatello LS, Wu Y, Gao S, et al. Do the combined blood pressure effects of exercise and antihypertensive medications add up to the sum of their parts? A systematic meta-review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 2021, 7(1): e000895.
19.	Copeland S, Mills M, Lerner J, et al. Hemodynamic effects of aerobic vs resistance exercise. J Hum Hypertens, 1996, 10(11): 747-753.
20.	Naci H, Salcher-Konrad M, Dias S, et al. How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications? A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure. Br J Sports Med, 2019, 53(14): 859-869.
21.	Chou AY, Prakash R, Rajala J, et al. The first dedicated cardiac rehabilitation program for patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: description and initial results. Can J Cardiol, 2016, 32(4): 554-560.
22.	Silber TC, Tweet MS, Bowman MJ, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2015, 35(5): 328-333.
23.	Fuglsang S, Heiberg J, Hjortdal VE, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in surgically treated type-A aortic dissection patients. Scand Cardiovasc J, 2017, 51(2): 99-105.
24.	Boodhwani M, Andelfinger G, Leipsic J, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on the management of thoracic aortic disease. Can J Cardiol, 2014, 30(6): 577-589.
25.	Ambrosetti M, Abreu A, Corrà U, et al. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2021, 28(5): 460-495.
26.	Milani JGPO, Milani M, Verboven K, et al. Exercise intensity prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation: bridging the gap between best evidence and clinical practice. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1380639.
27.	Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, et al. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(1): 230-245.
28.	Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Kaminsky LA, et al. Validity of rating of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults and cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 1997, 17(4): 261-267.
29.	Joo KC, Brubaker PH, MacDougall A, et al. Exercise prescription using resting heart rate plus 20 or perceived exertion in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 2004, 24(3): 178-184.
30.	Zanettini R, Centeleghe P, Ratti F, et al. Training prescription in patients on beta-blockers: percentage peak exercise methods or self-regulation? Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012, 19(2): 205-212.
31.	Shea MG, Headley S, Mullin EM, et al. Comparison of ratings of perceived exertion and target heart rate-based exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2022, 42(5): 352-358.
32.	Hornsby WE, Norton EL, Fink S, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing following open repair for a proximal thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2020, 40(2): 108-115.
33.	Haouzi P, Chenuel B, Chalon B. Effects of body position on the ventilatory response following an impulse exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2002, 92(4): 1423-1433.
34.	Zhou N, Mampuya WM, Iliou MC. Is exercise blood pressure putting the brake on exercise rehabilitation after acute type A aortic dissection surgery? J Clin Med, 2022, 11(10): 2931.
35.	Monda E, Verrillo F, Rubino M, et al. Thoracic aortic dilation: implications for physical activity and sport participation. Diagnostics (Basel), 2022, 12(6): 1392.
36.	Braverman AC, Harris KM, Kovacs RJ, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: task force 7: aortic Diseases, including marfan syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015, 66(21): 2398-2405.
37.	Ehrman JK, Fernandez AB, Myers J, et al. Aortic aneurysm: diagnosis, management, exercise testing, and training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2020, 40(4): 215-223.
38.	Delsart P, Maldonado-Kauffmann P, Bic M, et al. Post aortic dissection: gap between activity recommendation and real life patients aerobic capacities. Int J Cardiol, 2016, 219: 271-6.219-271.
39.	Chaddha A, Kline-Rogers E, Woznicki EM, et al. Cardiology patient page. Activity recommendations for postaortic dissection patients. Circulation, 2014, 130(16): e140-e142.
40.	Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(1): 17-96.
41.	McGinigle KL, Spangler EL, Pichel AC, et al. Perioperative care in open aortic vascular surgery: a consensus statement by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg, 2022, 75(6): 1796-1820.
42.	de Sousa EC, Abrahin O, Ferreira ALL, et al. Resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals: meta-analysis. Hypertens Res, 2017, 40(11): 927-931.
43.	Adams J, Lotshaw A, Exum E, et al. An alternative approach to prescribing sternal precautions after median sternotomy, "Keep Your Move in the Tube". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 2016, 29(1): 97-100.
44.	Medicine ACoS. ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
45.	Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: an overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies. Obes Rev, 2021, 22 Suppl 4(Suppl 4): e13256.
46.	Feng D, Ke J, Huang S, et al. A scoping review of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with aortic dissection. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2021, 22(3): 613-624.
47.	Hansen D, Coninx K, Beckers P, et al. Appropriate exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: why this skill remains to be improved among clinicians and healthcare professionals. A call for action from the EXPERT Network. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2023, 30(18): 1986-1995.
48.	Tantray J, Patel A, Wani SN, et al. Prescription precision: a comprehensive review of intelligent prescription systems. Curr Pharm Des, 2024, 30(34): 2671-2684.
49.	Thomas RJ. Cardiac rehabilitation: challenges, advances, and the road ahead. N Engl J Med, 2024, 390(9): 830-841.
50.	Golbus JR, Lopez-Jimenez F, Barac A, et al. Digital technologies in cardiac rehabilitation: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2023, 148(1): 95-107.
51.	Khera R, Oikonomou EK, Nadkarni GN, et al. Transforming cardiovascular care with artificial intelligence: from discovery to practice: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(1): 97-114.
52.	Armoundas AA, Narayan SM, Arnett DK, et al. Use of artificial intelligence in improving outcomes in heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 149(14): e1028-e1050.

1. 中国生物医学工程学会体外循环分会, 侯晓彤. 2023年中国心血管外科手术和体外循环数据白皮书. 中国体外循环杂志, 2024, 22(4): 259-262.Chinese Society of Extra-Corporeal Circulation. White book of Chinese cardiovascular surgery and extracorporeal circulation in 2023. Chin J Extracorp Circ, 2024, 22(4): 259-262.
2. Mehta CK, Medina MG, Whippo B, et al. Overview of contemporary guidelines for management of acute type A aortic dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 169(6): 1677-1683.
3. Du T, Wang W, Wang Y, et al. Research progress on aortic root aneurysms. Med Sci Monit, 2024 Feb 9: 30: e943216.
4. Pasadyn SR, Roselli EE, Artis AS, et al. From court to couch: exercise and quality of life after acute type A aortic dissection. Aorta (Stamford), 2021, 9(5): 171-179.
5. Eranki A, Wilson-Smith A, Williams ML, et al. Quality of life following surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection: a systematic review. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2022, 17(1): 118.
6. Carbone A, Palladino R, Franzese M, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with aortic dissection: an unmet need. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2024, 49(1 Pt C): 102138.
7. Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, et al. Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean J Fam Med, 2020, 41(6): 365-373.
8. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2022, 80(24): e223-e393.
9. Van Iterson EH, Laffin LJ, Svensson LG, et al. Individualized exercise prescription and cardiac rehabilitation following a spontaneous coronary artery dissection or aortic dissection. Eur Heart J Open, 2022, 2(6): oeac075.
10. Carbone A, Lamberti N, Manfredini R, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and acute aortic dissection: understanding and addressing the evidence GAP a systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol, 2024, 49(3): 102348.
11. Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(1): 17-96.
12. Schwaab B, Rauch B, Völler H, et al. Beyond randomised studies: recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation following repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 28(17): e17-e19.
13. Corone S, Iliou MC, Pierre B, et al. French registry of cases of type Ⅰ acute aortic dissection admitted to a cardiac rehabilitation center after surgery. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 2009, 16(1): 91-95.
14. Jepsen LR, D'Oria M, Pedersen SF, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise testing and rehabilitation for aortic dissection patients: a scoping review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2023, 43(3): 156-161.
15. Chaddha A, Kline-Rogers E, Braverman AC, et al. Survivors of aortic dissection: activity, mental health, and sexual function. Clin Cardiol, 2015, 38(11): 652-659.
16. Stiefel M, Brito da Silva H, Schmied CM, et al. Exercise, sports, and cardiac rehabilitation recommendations in patients with aortic aneurysms and post-aortic repair: a review of the literature. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 2024, 11(12): 379.
17. Gawinecka J, Schönrath F, von Eckardstein A. Acute aortic dissection: pathogenesis, risk factors and diagnosis. Swiss Med Wkly, 2017, 147: w14489.
18. Pescatello LS, Wu Y, Gao S, et al. Do the combined blood pressure effects of exercise and antihypertensive medications add up to the sum of their parts? A systematic meta-review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 2021, 7(1): e000895.
19. Copeland S, Mills M, Lerner J, et al. Hemodynamic effects of aerobic vs resistance exercise. J Hum Hypertens, 1996, 10(11): 747-753.
20. Naci H, Salcher-Konrad M, Dias S, et al. How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications? A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure. Br J Sports Med, 2019, 53(14): 859-869.
21. Chou AY, Prakash R, Rajala J, et al. The first dedicated cardiac rehabilitation program for patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: description and initial results. Can J Cardiol, 2016, 32(4): 554-560.
22. Silber TC, Tweet MS, Bowman MJ, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after spontaneous coronary artery dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2015, 35(5): 328-333.
23. Fuglsang S, Heiberg J, Hjortdal VE, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in surgically treated type-A aortic dissection patients. Scand Cardiovasc J, 2017, 51(2): 99-105.
24. Boodhwani M, Andelfinger G, Leipsic J, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on the management of thoracic aortic disease. Can J Cardiol, 2014, 30(6): 577-589.
25. Ambrosetti M, Abreu A, Corrà U, et al. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2021, 28(5): 460-495.
26. Milani JGPO, Milani M, Verboven K, et al. Exercise intensity prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation: bridging the gap between best evidence and clinical practice. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024, 11: 1380639.
27. Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, et al. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2022, 29(1): 230-245.
28. Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Kaminsky LA, et al. Validity of rating of perceived exertion during graded exercise testing in apparently healthy adults and cardiac patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 1997, 17(4): 261-267.
29. Joo KC, Brubaker PH, MacDougall A, et al. Exercise prescription using resting heart rate plus 20 or perceived exertion in cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil, 2004, 24(3): 178-184.
30. Zanettini R, Centeleghe P, Ratti F, et al. Training prescription in patients on beta-blockers: percentage peak exercise methods or self-regulation? Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012, 19(2): 205-212.
31. Shea MG, Headley S, Mullin EM, et al. Comparison of ratings of perceived exertion and target heart rate-based exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2022, 42(5): 352-358.
32. Hornsby WE, Norton EL, Fink S, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing following open repair for a proximal thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2020, 40(2): 108-115.
33. Haouzi P, Chenuel B, Chalon B. Effects of body position on the ventilatory response following an impulse exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2002, 92(4): 1423-1433.
34. Zhou N, Mampuya WM, Iliou MC. Is exercise blood pressure putting the brake on exercise rehabilitation after acute type A aortic dissection surgery? J Clin Med, 2022, 11(10): 2931.
35. Monda E, Verrillo F, Rubino M, et al. Thoracic aortic dilation: implications for physical activity and sport participation. Diagnostics (Basel), 2022, 12(6): 1392.
36. Braverman AC, Harris KM, Kovacs RJ, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: task force 7: aortic Diseases, including marfan syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015, 66(21): 2398-2405.
37. Ehrman JK, Fernandez AB, Myers J, et al. Aortic aneurysm: diagnosis, management, exercise testing, and training. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 2020, 40(4): 215-223.
38. Delsart P, Maldonado-Kauffmann P, Bic M, et al. Post aortic dissection: gap between activity recommendation and real life patients aerobic capacities. Int J Cardiol, 2016, 219: 271-6.219-271.
39. Chaddha A, Kline-Rogers E, Woznicki EM, et al. Cardiology patient page. Activity recommendations for postaortic dissection patients. Circulation, 2014, 130(16): e140-e142.
40. Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(1): 17-96.
41. McGinigle KL, Spangler EL, Pichel AC, et al. Perioperative care in open aortic vascular surgery: a consensus statement by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg, 2022, 75(6): 1796-1820.
42. de Sousa EC, Abrahin O, Ferreira ALL, et al. Resistance training alone reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals: meta-analysis. Hypertens Res, 2017, 40(11): 927-931.
43. Adams J, Lotshaw A, Exum E, et al. An alternative approach to prescribing sternal precautions after median sternotomy, "Keep Your Move in the Tube". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 2016, 29(1): 97-100.
44. Medicine ACoS. ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
45. Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, et al. Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition changes, and weight maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: an overview of 12 systematic reviews and 149 studies. Obes Rev, 2021, 22 Suppl 4(Suppl 4): e13256.
46. Feng D, Ke J, Huang S, et al. A scoping review of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients with aortic dissection. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2021, 22(3): 613-624.
47. Hansen D, Coninx K, Beckers P, et al. Appropriate exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: why this skill remains to be improved among clinicians and healthcare professionals. A call for action from the EXPERT Network. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2023, 30(18): 1986-1995.
48. Tantray J, Patel A, Wani SN, et al. Prescription precision: a comprehensive review of intelligent prescription systems. Curr Pharm Des, 2024, 30(34): 2671-2684.
49. Thomas RJ. Cardiac rehabilitation: challenges, advances, and the road ahead. N Engl J Med, 2024, 390(9): 830-841.
50. Golbus JR, Lopez-Jimenez F, Barac A, et al. Digital technologies in cardiac rehabilitation: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2023, 148(1): 95-107.
51. Khera R, Oikonomou EK, Nadkarni GN, et al. Transforming cardiovascular care with artificial intelligence: from discovery to practice: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2024, 84(1): 97-114.
52. Armoundas AA, Narayan SM, Arnett DK, et al. Use of artificial intelligence in improving outcomes in heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2024, 149(14): e1028-e1050.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesResearch progress of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients after aortic surgery

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