Association between coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis_Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine

Authors：

LIU Qianqian ^1,2 , YAN Xue ^1,2 , ZHAN Liuyan ¹ , LI Yao ^1,2 ,  WEI Siqi ¹

1. School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;
2. Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WEI Siqi, Email: weisq@lzu.edu.cn

Keywords：

Coffee; Liver cancer; Meta-analysis; Dose-response relationship

DOI：

10.7507/1672-2531.202304047

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To systematically evaluate the dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and liver cancer risk. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMbase, CNKI, VIP, WanFang Data, and CBM databases were searched from inception to December 2022. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed by using Stata 17.0 software. Results Fifteen studies (11 cohort studies and 4 case-control studies) involving 557 259 participants were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that coffee consumption was significantly negatively associated with the risk of liver cancer (RR=0.39, 95%CI 0.27 to 0.57, P<0.01). The dose-response meta-analysis showed a non-linear dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of liver cancer (P<0.01). Compared with people who did not drink coffee, people who drank 1 cup of coffee a day had a 25% lower risk of liver cancer (RR=0.75, 95%CI 0.67 to 0.83), and people who drank 2 cups of coffee a day had a 38% lower risk of liver cancer (RR=0.62, 95%CI 0.56 to 0.70). The risk of liver cancer decreased by 45% (RR=0.55, 95%CI 0.48 to 0.62) for 3 cups of coffee and by 51% (RR=0.49, 95%CI 0.43 to 0.56) for 4 cups of coffee. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that there is a nonlinear dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of liver cancer. These results indicate that habitual coffee consumption is a protective factor for liver cancer. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusion.

Citation： LIU Qianqian, YAN Xue, ZHAN Liuyan, LI Yao, WEI Siqi. Association between coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2023, 23(7): 814-819. doi: 10.7507/1672-2531.202304047 Copy

1.	National Coffee Association. 2023.
2.	van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, caffeine, and health. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(4): 369-378.
3.	Gökcen BB, Şanlier N. Coffee consumption and disease correlations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2019, 59(2): 336-348.
4.	Villanueva A. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(15): 1450-1462.
5.	Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, et al. The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: results from the global burden of disease study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(4): 674-683.
6.	Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, et al. Association between coffee consumption/physical exercise and gastric, hepatic, colon, breast, uterine cervix, lung, thyroid, prostate, and bladder cancer. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11): 3927.
7.	Kennedy OJ, Fallowfield JA, Poole R, et al. All coffee types decrease the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic liver disease: a UK Biobank study. BMC Public Health, 2021, 21(1): 970.
8.	Tran KT, Coleman HG, McMenamin ÚC, et al. Coffee consumption by type and risk of digestive cancer: a large prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer, 2019, 120(11): 1059-1066.
9.	Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 89.
10.	Drouin-Chartier JP, Zheng Y, Li Y, et al. Changes in consumption of sugary beverages and artificially sweetened beverages and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three large prospective U. S. cohorts of women and men. Diabetes Care, 2019, 42(12): 2181-2189.
11.	Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2021, 75(7): 1010-1023.
12.	Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol, 2010, 25(9): 603-605.
13.	杨中华, 易芳, 王青青, 等. 中国人群食用蔬菜或水果与食管癌风险的Meta分析. 中国预防医学杂志, 2022, 23(5): 363-368.
14.	Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev, 1987, 9: 1-30.
15.	Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med, 2002, 21(11): 1539-1558.
16.	Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 2003, 327(7414): 557-560.
17.	Hamling J, Lee P, Weitkunat R, et al. Facilitating meta-analyses by deriving relative effect and precision estimates for alternative comparisons from a set of estimates presented by exposure level or disease category. Stat Med, 2008, 27(7): 954-970.
18.	Bagos PG, Nikolopoulos GK. Generalized least squares for assessing trends in cumulative meta-analysis with applications in genetic epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol, 2009, 62(10): 1037-1044.
19.	Durrleman S, Simon R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med, 1989, 8(5): 551-561.
20.	Hu K, Callen DF, Li J, et al. Circulating vitamin d and overall survival in breast cancer patients: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Integr Cancer Ther, 2018, 17(2): 217-225.
21.	Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 1997, 315(7109): 629-634.
22.	Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 1994, 50(4): 1088-1101.
23.	Tamura T, Wada K, Konishi K, et al. Coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake and liver cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Nutr Cancer, 2018, 70(8): 1210-1216.
24.	Setiawan VW, Wilkens LR, Lu SC, et al. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(1): 118-125.
25.	Lai GY, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, et al. The association of coffee intake with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in male smokers. Br J Cancer, 2013, 109(5): 1344-1351.
26.	Michikawa T, Inoue M, Sawada N, et al. Development of a prediction model for 10-year risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in middle-aged Japanese: the Japan public health center-based prospective study cohort II. Prev Med, 2012, 55(2): 137-143.
27.	Johnson S, Koh WP, Wang R, et al. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese health study. Cancer Causes Control, 2011, 22(3): 503-510.
28.	Inoue M, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, et al. Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer: cohort analysis by hepatitis virus infection status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18(6): 1746-1753.
29.	Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Pukkala E, et al. Joint effects of coffee consumption and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase on the risk of liver cancer. Hepatology, 2008, 48(1): 129-136.
30.	Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, et al. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005, 97(4): 293-300.
31.	Montella M, Polesel J, La Vecchia C, et al. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Int J Cancer, 2007, 120(7): 1555-1559.
32.	Tanaka K, Hara M, Sakamoto T, et al. Inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Japan. Cancer Sci, 2007, 98(2): 214-218.
33.	Wakai K, Kurozawa Y, Shibata A, et al. Liver cancer risk, coffee, and hepatitis C virus infection: a nested case-control study in Japan. Br J Cancer, 2007, 97(3): 426-428.
34.	Gelatti U, Covolo L, Franceschini M, et al. Coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of its aetiology: a case-control study. J Hepatol, 2005, 42(4): 528-534.
35.	Zhao LG, Li ZY, Feng GS, et al. Coffee drinking and cancer risk: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 101.
36.	Salomone F, Galvano F, Li Volti G. Molecular bases underlying the hepatoprotective effects of coffee. Nutrients, 2017, 9(1): 85.
37.	Inoue M, Tsugane S. Coffee drinking and reduced risk of liver cancer: update on epidemiological findings and potential mechanisms. Curr Nutr Rep, 2019, 8(3): 182-186.
38.	Mojica BE, Fong LE, Biju D, et al. The impact of the roast levels of coffee extracts on their potential anticancer activities. J Food Sci, 2018, 83(4): 1125-1130.
39.	Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium, Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry, 2015, 20(5): 647-656.
40.	Loftfield E, Cornelis MC, Caporaso N, et al. Association of coffee drinking with mortality by genetic variation in caffeine metabolism: findings from the UK Biobank. JAMA Intern Med, 2018, 178(8): 1086-1097.
41.	Tan DJH, Ng CH, Lin S Y, et al. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet oncol, 2022, 23(4): 521-530.

1. National Coffee Association. 2023.
2. van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, caffeine, and health. N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(4): 369-378.
3. Gökcen BB, Şanlier N. Coffee consumption and disease correlations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2019, 59(2): 336-348.
4. Villanueva A. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(15): 1450-1462.
5. Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, et al. The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: results from the global burden of disease study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol, 2019, 70(4): 674-683.
6. Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, et al. Association between coffee consumption/physical exercise and gastric, hepatic, colon, breast, uterine cervix, lung, thyroid, prostate, and bladder cancer. Nutrients, 2021, 13(11): 3927.
7. Kennedy OJ, Fallowfield JA, Poole R, et al. All coffee types decrease the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic liver disease: a UK Biobank study. BMC Public Health, 2021, 21(1): 970.
8. Tran KT, Coleman HG, McMenamin ÚC, et al. Coffee consumption by type and risk of digestive cancer: a large prospective cohort study. Br J Cancer, 2019, 120(11): 1059-1066.
9. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev, 2021, 10(1): 89.
10. Drouin-Chartier JP, Zheng Y, Li Y, et al. Changes in consumption of sugary beverages and artificially sweetened beverages and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three large prospective U. S. cohorts of women and men. Diabetes Care, 2019, 42(12): 2181-2189.
11. Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2021, 75(7): 1010-1023.
12. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol, 2010, 25(9): 603-605.
13. 杨中华, 易芳, 王青青, 等. 中国人群食用蔬菜或水果与食管癌风险的Meta分析. 中国预防医学杂志, 2022, 23(5): 363-368.
14. Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev, 1987, 9: 1-30.
15. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med, 2002, 21(11): 1539-1558.
16. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 2003, 327(7414): 557-560.
17. Hamling J, Lee P, Weitkunat R, et al. Facilitating meta-analyses by deriving relative effect and precision estimates for alternative comparisons from a set of estimates presented by exposure level or disease category. Stat Med, 2008, 27(7): 954-970.
18. Bagos PG, Nikolopoulos GK. Generalized least squares for assessing trends in cumulative meta-analysis with applications in genetic epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol, 2009, 62(10): 1037-1044.
19. Durrleman S, Simon R. Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med, 1989, 8(5): 551-561.
20. Hu K, Callen DF, Li J, et al. Circulating vitamin d and overall survival in breast cancer patients: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Integr Cancer Ther, 2018, 17(2): 217-225.
21. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 1997, 315(7109): 629-634.
22. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 1994, 50(4): 1088-1101.
23. Tamura T, Wada K, Konishi K, et al. Coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake and liver cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Nutr Cancer, 2018, 70(8): 1210-1216.
24. Setiawan VW, Wilkens LR, Lu SC, et al. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology, 2015, 148(1): 118-125.
25. Lai GY, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, et al. The association of coffee intake with liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality in male smokers. Br J Cancer, 2013, 109(5): 1344-1351.
26. Michikawa T, Inoue M, Sawada N, et al. Development of a prediction model for 10-year risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in middle-aged Japanese: the Japan public health center-based prospective study cohort II. Prev Med, 2012, 55(2): 137-143.
27. Johnson S, Koh WP, Wang R, et al. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese health study. Cancer Causes Control, 2011, 22(3): 503-510.
28. Inoue M, Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, et al. Effect of coffee and green tea consumption on the risk of liver cancer: cohort analysis by hepatitis virus infection status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009, 18(6): 1746-1753.
29. Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Pukkala E, et al. Joint effects of coffee consumption and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase on the risk of liver cancer. Hepatology, 2008, 48(1): 129-136.
30. Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, et al. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005, 97(4): 293-300.
31. Montella M, Polesel J, La Vecchia C, et al. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Int J Cancer, 2007, 120(7): 1555-1559.
32. Tanaka K, Hara M, Sakamoto T, et al. Inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in Japan. Cancer Sci, 2007, 98(2): 214-218.
33. Wakai K, Kurozawa Y, Shibata A, et al. Liver cancer risk, coffee, and hepatitis C virus infection: a nested case-control study in Japan. Br J Cancer, 2007, 97(3): 426-428.
34. Gelatti U, Covolo L, Franceschini M, et al. Coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of its aetiology: a case-control study. J Hepatol, 2005, 42(4): 528-534.
35. Zhao LG, Li ZY, Feng GS, et al. Coffee drinking and cancer risk: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 101.
36. Salomone F, Galvano F, Li Volti G. Molecular bases underlying the hepatoprotective effects of coffee. Nutrients, 2017, 9(1): 85.
37. Inoue M, Tsugane S. Coffee drinking and reduced risk of liver cancer: update on epidemiological findings and potential mechanisms. Curr Nutr Rep, 2019, 8(3): 182-186.
38. Mojica BE, Fong LE, Biju D, et al. The impact of the roast levels of coffee extracts on their potential anticancer activities. J Food Sci, 2018, 83(4): 1125-1130.
39. Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium, Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry, 2015, 20(5): 647-656.
40. Loftfield E, Cornelis MC, Caporaso N, et al. Association of coffee drinking with mortality by genetic variation in caffeine metabolism: findings from the UK Biobank. JAMA Intern Med, 2018, 178(8): 1086-1097.
41. Tan DJH, Ng CH, Lin S Y, et al. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet oncol, 2022, 23(4): 521-530.

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