【摘要】 目的 探讨系统规范的健康教育指导对哮喘患儿护理效果的影响。 方法 记录并分析2002年1月-2009年5月门诊或住院诊治的873例哮喘患儿的情况。将患儿分为健康教育组和对照组；健康教育组采用个体化管理的治疗护理方案进行系统的健康教育，对照组采用常规治疗和护理。 结果 对照组和健康教育组的总体有效率分别为77.3%和96.6%。健康教育组在临床控制率、显效率和总体有效率方面均明显优于对照组（Plt;0.05）。健康教育组在发作次数和缺课天数方面明显少于对照组（Plt;0.01）。 结论 健康教育对小儿哮喘的护理有重要意义。【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the effects of health education on nursing pediatric asthma. Methods A total of 873 asthma children got treatment from January 2002 to May 2009 were registered and analyzed. The children were divided into health education group and control group. The health education group was given education about asthma while the control group was given traditional nursing. Results The overall efficacy rate of the control group and health education group were 77.3% and 96.6%. The clinical control rate, show efficiency rate and overall efficiency rate in the health education group were higher than those in the control group (Plt;0.05).The attack frequency and absent days in the health education group were less than those in the control group (Plt;0.01). Conclusion The health education is important for nursing pediatric asthma.
Objective To explore the interference of recent use of antibiotics in the sensitivities of different methods for the detection of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in children. Methods From June 2015 to December 2017, children who were highly suspected of Hp infection and required gastroscopy were divided into the antibiotic group and the control group according to the recent use of antibiotics, with 200 cases in each group. The use of antibiotics of children in the antibiotic group was analyzed. The children in the two groups completed five methods of Hp detection, including rapid urease test (RUT), 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT), pathological Warthin-Starry staining, colloidal gold method for measuring Hp immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method for measuring Hp stool antigen (HpSA). Comparative analyses of data were done. Results The positive rate of RUT was 36.5% in the antibiotic group and 75.0% in the control group (P<0.05). The positive rate and value of13C-UBT were 59.0% and 13.6±4.7 in the antibiotic group, and 78.0% and 41.7±6.6 in the control group (P<0.05). The positive rate of pathological biopsy was 48.0% in the antibiotic group and 68.0% in the control group (P<0.05), and L-forms were found in 80.9% of the Hp-positive specimens in the antibiotic group. The positive rate of IgM antibody was 54.5% in the antibiotic group and 65.5% in the control group (P<0.05). The positive rate of HpSA was 38.0% in the antibiotic group and 69.0% in the control group (P<0.05). In the antibiotic group, only 12.5% of the children used antibiotics for eradication of Hp and 87.5% for non Hp eradication. Conclusions Under the interference of antibiotics use, the sensitivity of 13C-UBT is the highest among the five methods for Hp detection, and the sensitivities of RUT and HpSA are very low. For children who could not cooperate with 13C-UBT, the sensitivity of IgM detection is relatively high. For children who need gastroscopy, prolonged chromogenic time for RUT and multi-point pathological biopsy can reduce misdiagnosis.
目的:了解本地区小儿败血症的病原菌种类、不同病原菌在各年龄段的分布情况及主要病原菌药物敏感状况,为指导临床诊断及合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法:对本院儿科近3年经血培养分离出的310株阳性菌株的构成比及对抗生素的药物敏感状况进行回顾性分析。结果:310株检出菌中G+菌201株占64.8%;G杆菌106株占34.2%;前5位病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)、沙门菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)、链球菌属,分别占40.97%、21.61%、6.45%、4.51%、4.19%;新生儿败血症病原菌以CNS为主 (101株),其次为大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、克雷伯氏菌;6个月内小婴儿败血症致病菌与新生儿近似;婴幼儿各种细菌败血症均有发生;学龄前及学龄期儿童败血症病原菌依次为沙门菌、链球菌、金葡菌;药敏结果显示,大多数G+菌对青霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢他啶、复方新诺明、庆大霉素耐药率超过60%;对万古霉素、利福平、阿米卡星、头孢西丁、喹诺酮类敏感。G杆菌中沙门菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南、三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂复方制剂、喹诺酮类、复方新诺明保持高度敏感;大肠埃希菌多重耐药,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、复方新诺明耐药率超过80%,对氨曲南、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟耐药率超过50%;其他G杆菌大多数对亚胺培南、呋南妥因、阿米卡星、奎诺酮类、头孢西丁敏感,酶抑制复合制剂的敏感率明显提高。结论:(1)CNS是新生儿及小婴儿败血症的主要病原菌,低毒力条件致病菌在该阶段小儿中感染率高;沙门菌是本地区近三年学龄期儿童败血症的主要病原菌,其感染呈逐年下降趋势。(2)不同病原菌的药敏状况差异很大,应高度重视感染病例的病原学检查,以利于制定临床抗感染方案,合理使用抗生素。(3)万古霉素、利福平、亚胺培南、氨曲南、第3代头孢菌素、阿米卡星及喹诺酮类目前仍为敏感抗生素。
Objective To systematically review the risk factors of tic disorder (TD) in children. Methods Databases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WanFang Data were electronically searched to collect observational studies on children with TD from inception to June 29th 2021. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 32 studies involving 556 560 children were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the risk factors for TD were as follows: male (OR=2.23, 95%CI 1.08 to 4.61, P=0.03), premature delivery (OR=1.66, 95%CI 1.04 to 2.64, P=0.03), low birth weight (OR=1.27, 95%CI 1.07 to 1.50, P=0.005), history of neonatal jaundice (OR=7.46, 95%CI 1.15 to 48.42, P=0.04), other adverse factors in the perinatal period (OR=2.74, 95%CI 1.89 to 3.98, P<0.000 01), poor eating habits (OR=2.11, 95%CI 1.52 to 2.93, P<0.000 01), long-term viewing of electronic products (OR=2.22, 95%CI 1.31 to 3.75, P=0.003), history of febrile convulsions (OR=2.43, 95%CI 1.21 to 4.86, P=0.01), recurrent respiratory infection (OR=2.63, 95%CI 1.49 to 4.64, P=0.000 8), chronic tonsillitis (OR=2.01, 95%CI 1.31 to 3.09, P=0.001), rhinopathy (OR=1.77, 95%CI 1.35 to 2.31, P<0.000 1), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (OR=5.32, 95%CI 3.77 to 7.51, P<0.000 01), decreased blood iron content (OR=3.68, 95%CI 1.56 to 8.67, P=0.003), family history of TD (OR=6.33, 95%CI 3.20 to 12.53, P<0.000 01), family history of mental illness (OR=2.39, 95%CI 2.03 to 2.83, P<0.000 01), maternal mental disorder during pregnancy (OR=2.49, 95%CI 1.99 to 3.11, P<0.000 01), alcohol drinking during pregnancy (OR=1.40, 95%CI 1.09 to1.79, P=0.007), smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy (OR=1.84, 95%CI 1.68 to 2.01, P<0.000 01), and corporal punishment (OR=3.57, 95%CI 1.52 to 8.34, P=0.003). Parity (second birth and above) (OR=0.41, 95%CI 0.25 to 0.68, P=0.000 6) was a protective factor for tic disorder. Conclusions Current evidence shows that the incidence of TD is related to gender, family history of mental illness, maternal life habits during pregnancy, perinatal history, chronic respiratory diseases, abnormal trace elements, and strict education methods, etc. Moreover, parity is a protective factor for the occurrence of TD. Due to the limited quantity and quality of included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusions.
ObjectiveTo investigate the situation of hospital infection with bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), find the source of infection and analyze its transmission route, and take effective prevention and control measures to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection. MethodsA hospital neonatal ward had six cases of ESBL-producing bacteria infections on February 16 to 26, 2012. According to the processing procedure for hospital infection outbreak, we carried out epidemiological investigation on the patient with suspected hospital infection, including checking the medical records, asking the doctor in charge about the patients'clinical symptoms, collecting sputum samples of the patients and environmental microbiology examination, etc. ResultsFour cases of infection were community-acquired, and two were nosocomial infection. Infection onsets were concentrated (between February 16 and February 26, 2012). Patients had similar clinical symptoms, including fever, cough, cough sputum, and lung wet rales, which showed a lower respiratory infection. Six strains of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from the infected children, and their susceptibility reports were not entirely consistent, indicating that they did not belong to the same species and were not homologous pathogens. Through bedside survey, we also isolated from the environmental samples 6 ESBL-producing bacteria, and these bacteria were acquired from the milk countertops, kettle, ventilator tube, two doctors'nasal cavity, and the cleaners'nasal cavity in corresponding wards of those infected children. ConclusionThe infection does not belong to an outbreak of nosocomial infection, and it is only an aggregation event of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. The symptoms of infection were mainly because of lower immunity of children themselves, plus not so good aseptic technique and management in the department of neonatology. Therefore, strengthening hand hygiene management of medical staffs, and regular environmental sanitation and disinfection can reduce the incidence of neonatal hospital infection.
目的 补充与替代医学(complementary and alternative medicine, CAM)干预的安全性和有效性与儿科医疗工作者关系密切.本研究旨在确认CAM的儿科随机对照试验(RCT)的来源.方法 通过检索MEDLINE和其他12个期刊数据库以及根据已有儿科CAM系统评价的参考文献来检索相关RCT.结果 共查到908篇关于18岁以下儿童的CAM治疗的RCT.1965年以来,这类公开发表的RCT数量一直稳步增加.发表RCT最多的4本杂志是lt;美国临床营养杂志gt;、lt;儿科gt;、lt;儿科杂志gt;和lt;柳叶刀gt;.MEDLINE, CABHealth和EMBASE是检索这类研究最好的数据库;分别收录了93.2%,58.4%和42.2%发表儿科CAM RCT的杂志.结论 从事儿科CAM或对此感兴趣的人应定期检索MEDLINE, CABHealth和EMBASE数据库.上述的4种核心期刊也应在查阅之列.