Objective To formulate an evidence-based treatment for a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with tuberculous meningitis and tuberculous pericarditis. Methods According to the principles of evidencebased clinical practice, we searched The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2008), Ovid-Reviews (1991 to 2008), MEDLINE (1950 to 2008), and http://www.guideline.org. to identify the best evidence for treating a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis combined with tuberculous meningitis and tuberculous pericarditis. Results Nine guidelines, 2 systematic reviews, and 11 randomized controlled trials were included. The evidence showed that corticosteroids could help reduce the risk of death and disabling residual neurological deficiencies in patients with tuberculous meningitis. After adjusting for age and gender, the overall death rate of patients with tuberculous pericarditis was significantly reduced by prednisolone (P=0.044), as well as the risk of death from pericarditis (P=0.004). But for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, there was still a controversy about the use of corticosteroids. Given the evidence, the patient’s clinical conditions, and his preferences, dexamethasone was used for the boy in question. After 7 weeks of treatment, his cerebrospinal fluid returned to normal and pericardial effusion disappeared. Conclusion Corticosteroids should be recommended in HIV-negative people with tuberculous meningitis or/and tuberculous pericarditis. The difference in the effectiveness of various corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, or methylprednisolone and the optimal duration of corticosteroid therapy is still unknown.
COPD 和肺癌均为最常见的吸烟相关呼吸道疾病。吸入性糖皮质激素( ICS) 近年来被推荐用于重度COPD 的治疗, 同时也被发现在肺癌的化学预防中起重要作用。本文通过综述ICS、COPD 和肺癌之间的关系, 特别是吸入糖皮质激素在肺癌中的化学预防作用, 以期进一步明确ICS 在COPD和肺癌中的作用。
糖皮质激素在甲型H1N1流感中的应用探讨
PURPOSE:To evaluate the activitv of protein kinase C(PKC) in response to retinal photochemical insult in rat. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of dexamethasone(DXM ) on PKC activity. METHODS :The experiments were performed on 48 SI') rats whieh were separated into two groups,control and treated groups,and the latter received daily intraperitoneal injections of DXM (1 mg/kg)for 5 consecutive days,starting 3 days before light exposure. The animals were continually exposed to green fluorescent light (510nm~560nm) with an illuminance level of (1 900plusmn;106.9)lx for 24 hrs.The retinal enzyme activity of PKC was tested at 6 hrs,1 day,3 days,7 days,and 14 days after light exposure respectively. RESULTS:In animal models,PKC activity showed a transient increase in both groups at 6 hrs after light exposure and then decrease persistently there alter. The activity of PKC was unresponsive to DXM intervention. CONCLUSIONS :These results suggested that the persistent lower PKC activity might result in disturbance of retinal function in rat retinal photochemical injury. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1997,13: 78-80）
截止至2002年5月,现有早产治疗的临床证据如下: (1) 高危早产:在一些国家实施的RCT发现,在降低早产危险方面,加强产前保健与普通产前保健没有明显差异.包括5个RCT的1个系统评价发现,对有宫颈改变的妇女行宫颈环扎术有不同的结果,没有明确的结论.1个大样本的RCT发现,孕9～29周宫颈功能可能不全的妇女进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,能明显降低早产(＜33孕周),但也会明显增加产褥感染的危险.另外4篇较小样本的RCT发现,孕10～30周、具各种早产高危因素的妇女,进行预防性宫颈环扎手术与不环扎相比,并不能降低早产(＜34孕周).1篇系统评价的2个RCT报告,对有宫颈改变的妇女进行环扎术有不同的结果,其中1个RCT发现其并不能明显降低早产(＜34孕周),而另外1个较小样本的RCT却发现宫颈环扎手术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息比较,能明显降低34周前的早产.没有1个RCT证实行环扎术加卧床休息与单纯卧床休息相比,能降低围生儿死亡率. (2) 胎膜早破:1个系统评价发现,对胎膜早破的妇女,抗生素较安慰剂能明显延长孕周、降低新生儿发病率的危险,如新生儿感染、出生后氧疗、脑部超声异常等.阿莫西林加克拉维酸治疗与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生率明显增加有关.一个基于1个RCT的系统评价发现,没有充足的证据证实羊膜腔灌注与不灌注比较能改善胎膜早破后的新生儿结局. (3) 先兆早产的治疗:①β-肾上腺素兴奋剂:1个系统评价发现,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征及低体重儿(＜2 500 g)发生率,且与与安慰剂或不治疗相比,β-肾上腺素兴奋剂增加孕母副反应,如胸痛、心悸、呼吸困难、震颤、恶心、呕吐、头痛、高血糖、低钾血症.②钙离子通道拮抗剂: 没有关于钙离子通道拮抗剂与安慰剂比较的系统评价或RCT.1个系统评价发现,钙离子通道抑制剂与其它保胎药(主要是β-肾上腺受体兴奋剂)比较,能显著降低48 h内的早产分娩,减少因孕母副反应退出治疗和新生儿发病率.③硫酸镁:1个系统评价发现,硫酸镁与安慰剂比较,并不能明显降低孕36周前的早产率、围生儿死亡率、呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率.另一个系统评价发现,硫酸镁和其他宫缩抑制剂(β-肾上腺素兴奋剂、钙离子通道拮抗剂、前列腺素合成抑制剂、硝化甘油、酒精和葡萄糖注射剂)比较,并不能明显降低48 h内早产率(尽管结果没有差异).④垂体受体拮抗剂(阿托西班):1个系统评价纳入 2个RCT,对阿托西班和安慰剂治疗早产进行比较有不同的结果.较大样本的RCT发现,阿托西班较安慰剂能延长孕周,但阿托西班增加了孕28周以下的胎儿死亡率.另一个RCT发现,阿托西班增加了48 h内的早产.⑤前列腺素抑制剂(消炎痛):1个系统评价发现,消炎痛与安慰剂比较,能明显降低孕37周前的48 h和7天的早产率的证据有限.然而,同时发现消炎痛与安慰剂或不治疗相比,并不能明显降低围生儿死亡率、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、肺支气管发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎、新生儿败血症或低体重儿.但这个系统评价样本太小,尚不能发现有临床意义的差异. (4) 择期或非择期剖宫产对早产妇女治疗效果:1个系统评价结果发现,择期剖宫产较非择期剖宫产会增加孕母的发病率,却不能降低新生儿的发病率和死亡率.但尚不能证明此效果是否对新生儿有临床意义. (5) 改善早产妊娠结局的干预措施:①对早产者采用皮质类固醇:1个系统评价认为,对可能发生早产的妇女使用皮质激素较安慰剂或不处理能明显降低早产儿出生后呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿死亡率和颅内出血的发生.②促甲状腺激素释放激素在早产中的运用:1个系统评价发现,在早产的高危妇女中,促甲状腺激素释放激素和类固醇激素联合应用与单用皮质类固醇激素比较,对新生儿结局的影响无明显差异,但会明显增加孕母和胎儿的不良反应.③抗生素:1个系统评价发现,抗生素与安慰剂比较,不能延长孕周、降低新生儿死亡率,但可降低孕母感染率.
Objective To systematically evaluate the effect and safety of systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Databases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library (Issue 6, 2015), Wanfang Data, CBM, CNKI were searched to collect randomized controlled trails (RCTs) about systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbation of COPD from inception to July 2015. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. Results A total of 11 RCTs involving 1298 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that a statistically significant increase in the treatment success rate when using systemic corticosteroids (RR=1.11, 95%CI 1.01-1.21,P=0.02), and a non-significant difference of effect in the subgroup of emergency department and ICU patients (RR=0.98, 95%CI 0.90-1.08,P=0.74;RR=1.19, 95%CI 0.84-1.69,P=0.34). Conclusions Current studies suggest that systemic corticosteroids is beneficial in terms of treatment success rate, but subgroup analysis shows that this benefit is controversial in emergency department and ICU. however, due to the limited quantity of the included studies, the above conclusions still need more high quality research to be verified.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of low-to-moderate doses of corticosteroids on human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, and explore when to initiate the treatment of corticosteroids and the duration of corticosteroids administration.MethodsThe study collected clinical data of 8 cases with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection admitted from January 25, 2017 to May 12, 2017. The final analysis included 5 severe patients who had received adjuvant corticosteroid treatment. The variation curves of WBC, CRP, PCT, CK, HBDH, LDH, temperature, ratio of SpO2/FiO2 were depicted and analyzed. The progress of clinical improvements, deterioration and prognosis were observed and discussed.ResultsThere were 1 female and 4 males in the 5 included patients with a median age of 58.0 years, among them 3 survived. The median time of illness onset to hospitalization and diagnosis confirmed were 4 days and 8 days respectively; the median duration of hospitalization to admission to infective ICU were 3 days. The first course of adjuvant corticosteroid treatment was initiated 11 days (median) after admission with a duration of 4 days (median), during which, the serum levels of HBDH and LDH decreased remarkably except the patient 3, and the oxygenation (SpO2/FiO2) improved except the patient 3. The second course of systemic administration of corticosteroid was given at a median of 26.5 days after admission with a duration of 9 days (median), during which, the patients survived with improved oxygenation (SpO2/FiO2), and weaned from mechanical ventilation.ConclusionsFor patients suffered severe human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, low-to-moderate doses of corticosteroids may decrease the level of inflammation, regulate the aberrant immune response, improve the oxygenation, make an early unassisted breathing. And corticosteroids treatment can be initiated at the time of disease deterioration, after/at the peak inflammatory response, and within 10-14 days of ARDS. Also, the adjuvant corticosteroids may be administered when oxygenation is dificult to be improved by other ways, or dificult to be liberated from mechanical ventilation, suffering severe septic shock, and refractory fever. And the duration of corticosteroids may be prolonged to 10-14 days, or until the higher level of HBDH and LDH decreased again.
Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (DEX) for treatment of macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods This study was a six-month, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial with a 2-month open-label study extension. Patients with branch or central RVO received DEX (n=129) or sham procedure (n=130) in the study eye at baseline; all patients who met re-treatment criteria received DEX at month 6. Efficacy measures included Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central retinal thickness (CRT) on optical coherence tomography. Results Time to ≥15-letter BCVA improvement from baseline during the first 6 months (primary endpoint) was earlier with DEX than sham (P＜0.001). At month 2 (peak effect), the percentage of patients with ≥15-letter BCVA improvement from baseline was DEX: 34.9%, sham: 11.5%; mean BCVA change from baseline was DEX: 10.6±10.4 letters, sham: 1.7±12.3 letters; and mean CRT change from baseline was DEX: −407±212 μm, sham: −62±224 μm (all P＜0.001). Outcomes were better with DEX than sham in both branch and central RVO. The most common treatment-emergent adverse event was in-creased intraocular pressure (IOP). Increase sin IOP generally were controlled with topical medication. Mean IOP normalized by month 4, and no patient required incisional glaucoma surgery. Conclusions DEX had a favorable safety profile and provided clinically significant benefit in a Chinese patient population with RVO. Visual and anatomic outcomes were improved with DEX relative to sham for 3 - 4 months after a single implant.
Objective To evaluate the methodological and reporting quality of systematic reviews/meta-analyses related to the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid-assisted treatment for severe pneumonia. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data and VIP databases were searched by computer, and the systematic reviews/meta-analyses of corticosteroid hormone as an auxiliary means for the treatment of severe pneumonia which were published from establishment of the databases to October 25th, 2018 were searched. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review-2 (AMSTAR-2) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used to evaluate the quality of literature reports. Results A total of 16 systematic reviews/meta-analyses were included, all of which were non-Cochrane systematic reviews. In terms of methodological quality assessed by AMSTAR-2, there was no plan in all studies; only one study explained the reasons for inclusion in the study type; eight studies did not describe the dose and follow-up time of the intervention/control measures in detail; three studies did not indicate the evaluation tools and did not describe the risk bias; six studies did not explicitly examine publication bias. In terms of reporting quality assessed by PRISMA, all studies had no pre-registered study protocol or registration number; thirteen studies did not describe the specific amount of articles retrieved from each database; three studies did not present their retrieval strategies or excluded reasons in detail; no funding sources were identified in included studies; eight studies reported both whether the study was funded and whether there was a conflict of interest. Conclusions At present, there are many systematic review/meta-analysis studies on the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid-assisted treatment for severe pneumonia, and the overall quality of the study has been gradually improved. However, the common problems in the study are relatively prominent. The follow-up period and dose of intervention in the study of severe pneumonia are different, so the baseline is difficult to be unified. Suggestions: strengthening the training of researchers, standardize the research process, and report articles in strict accordance with the PRISMA statement; subgroup analysis being conducted according to the dose and duration of the hormone.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the efficacy of preoperative corticosteroids use as an adjunctive treatment for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with choroidal detachment (RRDCD). MethodsA evidence-based medicine study. The National Library of Medicine's PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang database were searched. Clinical controlled studies were selected the study object was RRDCD patients and the interventions were preoperative corticosteroids used as an adjunctive treatment. The search was conducted from January 2000 to January 2022. Duplicated, incomplete, or irrelevant articles were excluded. The conventional meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroids used before surgery. The network meta-analysis was used to directly or indirectly compare the efficacy of oral corticosteroids or intravenous dexamethasone, peribulbar injection of glucocorticoids, prednisolone acetate eye-drops, intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and posterior sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot. ResultsAccording to the search strategy, 43 articles were initially retrieved, and 929 eyes of 13 articles were finally included for analysis; 6 and 10 articles were included in the traditional meta-analysis and the network meta-analysis. Among the 6 studies included in the conventional meta-analysis, 5 studies were retrospective and 1 study was a randomized controlled trial, involving a total of 575 eyes. The analysis results showed that there was no significant difference in the primary retinal reattachment rate between the corticosteroids group and the control group [odds ratio (OR)= 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-3.53, P=0.314]. Among the 10 studies included in the network meta-analysis, 7 studies were retrospective trials, 2 studies were randomized controlled trials, and 1 study was prospective trial, involving a total of 575 eyes. The analysis results showed that there were significant differences in the primary retinal reattachment rate between the triamcinolone acetonide intravitreal injection group and the no corticosteroid treatment group (OR=4.09, 95%CI 1.06-15.79). Sub-tenon injection triamcinolone acetonide had a higher incidence rate of ocular hypertension than oral glucocorticoid or intravenous dexamethasone (OR= 4.47, 95%CI 1.42-14.13). ConclusionsTriamcinolone acetonide intravitreal injection before surgery can improve the primary retinal reattachment rate in RRDCD patients. Patients with the posterior sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide should be alert to elevated intraocular pressure.