Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of trazodone versus alprazolam on adults’ generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods Such databases as PubMed (1980 to May 2012), CBM (1990 to May 2012), VIP (1989 to May 2012), CNKI (1990 to May 2012) and WanFang Data (1990 to May 2012) were searched to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about trazodone vs. alprazolam for adults’ GAD. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reivewers screened literature, extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies, then meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.0 software. Results A total of 5 RCTs involving 403 patients were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that: a) After four-week treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the HAMA scores (RR=1.04, 95%CI 0.95 to 1.13, P=0.38) and cure rate (RR=1.05, 95%CI 0.75 to 1.48, P=0.76); and b) The somnolence rate of the trazodone group was lower than that of the alprazolam group (RR=0.42, 95%CI 0.25 to 0.72, P=0.001). But there were no significant differences between the two groups in dizziness (RR=0.52, 95%CI 0.27 to 1.01, P=0.05), fatigue (RR=0.10, 95%CI 0.01 to 1.41, P=0.09), and poor appetite (RR=2.82, 95%CI 0.28 to 28.23, P=0.38). Conclusion There is no significant difference between razodone and alprazolam in the effectiveness when treating GAD, but razodone has lower side effects while alprazolam tends easily to cause somnolence. For the quantity limitation and low methodological quality of the included studies, this conclusion still needs to be further proved by more high quality RCTs.
Backgroud Iodine deficiency is the main cause for potentially preventable mental retardation in childhood and is still prevalent in large parts of the world. Objectives To assess the effects of iodised salt in comparison with other forms of iodine supplementation or placebo in the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, the Register of Chinese trials developed by the Chinese Cochrane Centre, and the Chinese Med Database. We performed handsearching of a number of journals (Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases, Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, and Studies of Trace Elements and Health up to February 2001), and searched reference lists, databases of ongoing trials and the Internet. Date of latest search: November 2001. Selection Criteria We included prospective controlled studies of iodised salt versus other forms of iodine supplementation or placebo in people living in areas of iodine deficiency. Studies reported mainly goitre rates and urinary iodine excretion as outcome measures. Data collection amp; analysis As the studies identified were not sufficiently similar and not of sufficient quality, we did not do a meta-analysis but summarised the data in a narrative format. Main results We found six prospective controlled trials relating to our question. Four of these were described as randomised controlled trials, one was a prospective trial that did not specify allocation to comparison groups, and one was a large population-based study comparing different interventions. Comparison interventions included non-iodised salt, iodised water, iodised oil, iodation with potassium iodide versus potassium iodate. Numbers of participants in the trials ranged from 35 to 334; over 20 000 people were included in the population-based study. There was a tendency towards goitre reduction with iodised salt, although this was not significant in all studies. There was aim an improved iodine status in most studies (except in small children in one of the studies), although urinary iodine excretion did not always reach the levels recommended by the WHO. Reviewers’ conclusions The results suggest that iodised salt is an effective and safe means of improving iodine status. However, high quality controlled studies are needed to address questions of dosage and best means of iodine supplementation in different population groups.
Objective To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty （UPPP） in the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep aponea syndrome （OSAS ）. Methods MEDLINE （1966 -2005 ）, EMBASE （1984 - 2005 ）, The Cochrane Library （Issue 1, 2005 ）, CBM （1979 - 2005 ）, CNKI （1994 - 2005 ）, VIP （ 1989 - 2005 ）, CMCC （1994-2005） ,Wanfang Database and Internet were searched in English and Chinese versions. Randomized controlled trials（ RC,Ts）, quasi-randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies were included. Study quality was evaluated by two researchers independently. RevMan4.2.7 was used for meta-analysis.Results Twelve studies were included, of which 5 were RCTs, 7 were prospective cohort studies. Compared with dental appliance（DA）, PSG （polysomnography） changes of DA group were larger than UPPP group, but patients of UPPP group had better quality of life and compliance. Comparing UPPP with LAUP （laser-assisted uvulopalatpharyngoplasty ） and RFTVR （radiofrequency tissue volume reduction）, the postoperative pain of the latter two was less than UPPP. About complications, UPPP and LAUP had no difference except for nasal reflux at 1 week after operation, there was no statistical difference between UPPP and RFTVR. There was no study to compare the PSG change among the three groups. Comparing UPPP with CPAP （continuous positive airway pressure）, PSG changes were larger in CPAP. Conclusions At present, there is no evidence to assure that UPPP is better than other treatments for snoring and OSAS or to suggest which type of surgery is most effective.The literature search is restricted to the publications of English and Chinese language, which may have resulted in missing some studies; the evidence is still weak due to the poor quality and a small number of included studies. There is an urgent need for high quality RCTs to be carried out.
Objective To compare effects of intra-articular injection of corticosteroid or viscoelastic agent alone or a combination of the two drugs for treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders. Methods A prospective quasirandomized controlled trial was conducted to compare 3 treatment protocols of intra-articular injections in the upper compartment of the joint immediately following arthrocentesis repeatedly every 10 days: ① triamcinolone 8 mg alone for 3 times, ② 1% hyaluronate 1 ml alone for 4 times, and ③ triamcinolone 8 mg for 2 times then 1% hyaluronate 1 ml for 2 times. Clinical examinations were done at baseline, 1, 12, and 24 months after end of the treatments. According to improvement of the symptoms and clinical signs, the effectiveness was graded in 3 classes: excellent, better, no change, or worse. The first two were classified as effective. Effective rates of the treatments and subgroups were compared statistically. Results Five hundred and sixty four patients with temporomandibular disorders were included and randomly allocated to 3 groups with 188 patients in each group. The rate of lost follow up at 24 months was 6.9% to 10.1%. At one month after treatment, the triamcinolone group had a better effective rate at 92.0%. At 12 and 24 months of follow up, effective rates of the hyaluronate group were better than those in the triamcinolone alone group (84.6% vs. 54.1% and 83.4% vs. 40.4%). Effective rates of combining triamcinolone and hyaluronate group at 12 and 24 months were 90.4% and 66.3% respectively. Conclusion Intra-articular injection of corticosteroid has better results in a short term and hyaluronate has better results in a long term in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders.
Objective To assess the evidence of Cochrane systematic reviews on the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as well as the methodological quality of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the included systematic reviews. Methods The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2008) was searched for systematic reviews on the treatment of temporomandibular disorders. The risk of bias was assessed independently by two authors. Results Three systematic reviews involving 25 RCTs were included. The methods of 23 studies were rated as of lower quality with high risk of various biases. Only 2 studies were of high quality. Conclusion There is insufficient or inconsistent evidence to support the use of hyaluronate, occlusal adjustment, and stabilization splint therapy for the treatment of TMD. The overall quality of RCTs about the treatment of TMD is generally low. Analysis of the included trials showed that some trials had no clear description of randomization methods, allocation concealment, sample size calculation, and intention-to-treat analysis. To improve the quality of the reporting of RCTs, clinical trial registration and the revised Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement should be introduced into the trial design and strictly followed.
Fifty-five patients with disorders of intestinal rotation (DIR) are reviewed. Dir can occur at any age. Twenty-nine adults and twenty-six children were treated in this group. The clinical manifestation is mainly that of intestinal obstruction, with an incidence of 85%. In this group, 11 patients were complicated with other congenital malformation, and the incidence was 20%. It is difficult to diagnose DIR from the clinical manifestation, but the definite diagnosis can be made by roentgenography in most patients. Surgery can treat the intestinal obstruction and associated malformation synchronously. The results of treatment were satisfactory.
Objective To study the influencing factors for duration of mechanical ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) patients with type II respiratory failure. Methods Twenty-eight cases of mechanical ventilated COPD patients with type II respiratory failure were enrolled from March 2006 to March 2008 in Beijing Shunyi Hospital. They were divided into two groups based on their duration of ventilation: ≤7 d group as group I, and gt; 7 d as group II. Data of heart rate and blood pressure were recorded before the trachea intubation. Clinical data of blood routine, blood gas analysis and serum biochemistry were collected and analyzed. Previous history, smoking history and subsequent complications were also recorded. Results Heart rate in the group II were significantly higher than which in the group I[ ( 121. 50 ±17. 20) /min vs ( 103. 08 ±19. 97) /min, P lt;0. 05] . The incidences of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and blood pressure fall immediately after intubation were 63% and 88% respectively in the group II, which were significantly higher than the group I ( 0 and 25% ) . The levels of albumin, pre-albumin, Na+ , PaO2 were ( 29. 06 ±5. 00) g /L, ( 66. 36 ±17. 72) mg/L,( 138. 45 ±4. 74) mmol /L and ( 49. 06 ±20. 11) mm Hg respectively in the group II. While in the group I, those were ( 37. 11 ±2. 73) g /L, ( 127. 70 ±35. 84) mg/L, ( 143. 29 ±3. 42) mmol /L and ( 72. 25 ±38. 69) mm Hg respectively, which showed significant differences compared with the grouop II. The incidence of previous concomitant cerebral infarction showed significant difference between the group I and group II( 33. 33% vs 0) .Conclusion The levels of albumin, pre-albumin, heart rate before the intubation, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and blood pressure fall immediately after the intubation are associated with duration of mechanical ventilation and may indicate the prognosis in COPD patients with type II respiratory failure.
Objective To investigate the risk factors of stroke associated pneumonia in stroke patients.Methods A case-control study was conducted. 114 patients who were diagnosed stroke associated pneumonia between January 2008 and December 2010 were recruited as a patient group. 205 patients who were diagnosed stroke without pneumoniawere recruited as a control group. General conditions, accompanied disease, vital sign, hematologic marker, severity of stroke, and bulbar paralysis were compared between two groups. Multifactor Logistic regression was used to screen associated factors.Results Age gt; 65 years ( OR=3. 310, 95% CI 2. 016-7. 549) , accompanied with COPD ( OR = 3. 624, 95% CI 1. 574-9. 236) , diabetes ( OR= 3. 781, 95% CI 1. 305-6. 842) , failed water swallowing test ( OR = 3. 625, 95% CI 1. 604- 8. 386) , big volume of stroke ( OR=14. 784, 95% CI 3. 737-38. 588) , NIH stroke scale ( NIHSS) score gt;6 ( OR=2. 913, 95% CI 1. 029-7. 985) , abbreviated mental test ( AMT) score lt; 8 ( OR = 4. 229, 95% CI 2. 215-9. 368) were associated with stroke associated pneumonia. Conclusion The risk factors for stroke associated pneumonia in stroke patients were age gt;65 years, accompanied with COPD, diabetes, failed WST, big volume of stroke, NIHSS score gt;6, and AMT score lt;8.
吸入疗法是治疗呼吸系统疾病的常用方法, 包括气雾吸入、经储雾罐气雾吸入、干粉吸入以及雾化吸入等, 而以雾化吸入疗效最确切, 适应证也最广泛。但是, 关于雾化吸入治疗的用药方案以及药物配伍信息却非常有限。近期美国卫生系统药师协会发表的常用雾化吸入药物混合配伍指南[ 1 ] 提出了可供雾化吸入的药物及其配伍的各种推荐意见, 并采用表格形式便于临床医生理解和掌握。成人慢性气道疾病雾化吸入治疗专家组在该指南的基础上, 结合中国呼吸道疾病雾化吸入治疗现状, 制定了雾化吸入药物治疗共识, 同时根据不同的疾病提出雾化治疗推荐方案, 以供临床医师参考。
Objective To compare the effectiveness and radiological changes of posterior decompression combined with Coflex interspinous dynamic reconstruction or lumbar 360° fusion for degenerative lumbar spinal disorders at L4, 5. MethodsBetween October 2008 and November 2010, a comparative study was carried out on patients with degenerative lumbar spinal disorders at L4, 5. In group A, 29 patients underwent posterior decompression combined with Coflex interspinous dynamic reconstruction; there were 20 males and 9 females with an average age of 45.1 years (range, 21-67 years); and the disease duration was 2 months to 4 years. In group B, 31 patients underwent posterior decompression combined with lumbar 360° fusion treatment; there were 16 males and 15 females with an average age of 56.2 years (range, 32-86 years); and the disease duration was 3 months to 6 years. Except the age, there was no significant difference in gender, disease duration, and etiology etc. between 2 groups (P gt; 0.05). The results were assessed by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, and Oswestry disabil ity index (ODI). The range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral height of affected and adjacent segments, and the ROM of lumbar were measured before operation and last follow-up. Results Significant differences were found in the operative time and blood loss between 2 groups (P lt; 0.05). Intraoperative dural tear occurred in 1 case of group B, spinal canal venous plexus hemorrhage in 1 case of group B, and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 2 cases of group A and B respectively, showing no significant difference (χ2=0.119, P =0.731). The follow-up was 12-21 months in group A and was 12-23 months in group B. At the last follow-up, the JOA, VAS scores, and ODI of groups A and B were significantly improvedwhen compared with the preoperative values (P lt; 0.05). The VAS score of group A was significantly higher than that of group B (P lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in the intervertebral height of L4, 5 and L5, S1 of groups A and B between pre- and post-operation (P gt; 0.05). In group B, the intervertebral height of L3, 4 was significantly reduced (P lt; 0.05) compared with the preoperative one. There was no significant difference in the ROM of L5, S1 and ROM of lumbar in groups A and B between preand post-operation (P gt; 0.05). At last follow-up, the ROM of L4, 5 was significantly reduced in group A (P lt; 0.05), and the ROM of L3, 4 was significantly increased in group B (P lt; 0.05). Except significant differences in the intervertebral height and ROM of L3, 4 between 2 groups (P lt; 0.05), no significant difference was found in other parameters (P gt; 0.05). Conclusion Posterior decompression combined with Coflex interspinous dynamic reconstruction has the same effectiveness as lumbar 360° fusion in treating degenerative lumbar spinal disorders at L4, 5, but the former has a protective effect on the adjacent segments of fusion and is recommended for initial treatment of young adults and the elderly and frail patients with recurrent.