Objective To explore the relationship between microsatellite instability （MSI） and gastric cancer. Methods The related literatures at home and abroad were consulted and reviewed. Results The MSI is the replication errors caused by mismatch repair system defects. Gastric cancer which exhibiting MSI has characteris clinicopathological feature and prognosis. Detection the MSI of precancerous lesions and gastric cancer tissues can evaluate the risk and prognosis of gastric cancer. MSI include nuclear microsatellite stability （nMSI） and mitochondrial microsatellite instability （mtMSI）. Conclusions MSI plays an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. MSI may become a important indicator to forecast precancerosis risks and clinical prognosis of gastric cancer.
A microsatellite is a short, repetitive sequence of DNA (usually 2 to 4 nucleotides in length). Multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC) are more than one primary lung cancer lesions arising synchronously in different locations of the same or different side of the lung. These neoplasms may have same or different histological types, but one lesion is not a metastasis from another, as each neoplasm arises independently in the lung. Abnormal microsatellite changes are closely related to the pathogenesis and development of MPLC. In this review, several aspects are discussed:①definition and origin of microsatellite; ②abnormal changes of microsatellite; ③definition and categories of MPLC; ④the influence of microsatellite on early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of MPLC.
The early detection, diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer are the key points to reduce mortality and improve the prognosis. Detecting tumor markers in blood is a minimally-invasive, cost-effective, easy to administer and approachable test. A microsatellite consists of a tract of tenderly repeated DNA motifs that range in length from two to five nucleotides. Microsatellite alterations (MA) have been described as two types: loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI). MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding RNA and protein involved in regulating gene expression in the transcription level. In recent years, some miRNA markers and microsatellite alterations show significant tumor association, tissue specific and stability. Therefore, we write this review to discuss the microsatellite alterations and microRNA in blood of lung cancer.
ObjectiveTo summarize research progress on programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and their combination therapies in colorectal cancer and to provide a new treatment direction for colorectal cancer.MethodThe relevant literatures on the application of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the colorectal cancer in recent years were collected and reviewed.ResultsThe clinical trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway antibodies had made some achievements in the colorectal cancer, especially in the patients with high frequency microsatellite instability. And the combination therapy of multiple antibodies and the combination with chemotherapy and targeted therapies were more effective.ConclusionPD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have some certain curative effects on survival of colorectal cancer with high frequency microsatellite instability, especially combination shows a better effect.
ObjectiveTo analyze expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and microsatellite instability (MSI) in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer (UC-CRC) and investigate role of IL-6 and MSI in carcinogenesis of patients with UC.MethodsThe postoperative pathological data of patients with UC-CRC and patients with sporadic colorectal cancer (SCRC) admitted by Edong Healthcare Group from January 2013 to January 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The expressions of MMR proteins, including hMLH1, hPMS2, hMSH2, and hMSH6, were detected by the immunohistochemical method. The serum IL-6 levels of the patients with UC, UC-CRC, SCRC and control patients (non-UC, non-UC-CRC, non-SCRC) were detected. The correlation between the IL-6 and MMR protein expression in the cancer tissue was analyzed.ResultsThere were 43 patients with UC, 17 UC-CRC, 55 SCRC, and 30 control patients. The total rate of MMR-deficient (dMMR) was 41.2% (7/17) in the patients with UC-CRC. There were significant correlations between the hMLH1 and hPMS2 protein expression deletion and between the hMSH2 and hMSH6 protein expression deletion (P<0.001). The serum level of IL-6 in the patients with UC-CRC was significantly higher than that in the patients with UC (t=4.97, P<0.001) and the patients with SCRC (t=5.26, P=0.006). The dMMR might be associated with the level of IL-6 in the patients with UC-CRC, which wasn’t associated with it in the patients with SCRC (rs=0.04, P=0.77).ConclusionsSimilar to SCRC, MSI also plays a role in occurrence and development of UC-CRC. dMMR in patient with UC-CRC is more common in co-expression deficiency of hMLH1 and hPMS2, as did hMSH2 and hMSH6. IL-6 is not involved in mechanism of MSI-related canceration of colorectal cancer, but it is speculated that IL-6 might be involved in occurrence of MSI of UC-CRC.
ObjectiveTo analyze the status of applying programmed death-1 (PD-1) / programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) / vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors in advanced refractory colorectal cancer. MethodThe relevant literature on domestic and foreign research in recent years was summarized. ResultsThe discovery of immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 and the clinical application of related drugs had changed the treatment pattern of advanced solid tumors, but PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors had a poor efficacy in the mismatch repair prodicient tumors, and most advanced colorectal cancer belonged to this type. The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors could enhance the therapeutic effect in the advanced refractory colorectal cancer, and their interaction mechanisms and clinical efficacy were continuously being proven. ConclusionsThe combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors is a promising treatment strategy for advanced refractory colorectal cancer. More studies need to be further clarified its efficacy.
ObjectiveTo understand the effect of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors on defective mismatch repair (dMMR) / microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). MethodThe literature of recent research relevant PD-1 inhibitors in the utility for patients with dMMR/MSI-H advanced CRC was reviewed and summarized. ResultsAt present, there were many studies exploring the utility of anti-PD-1 inhibitors for the treatment of dMMR/MSI-H advanced CRC (including locally advanced CRC and metastatic CRC), and some studies were still in trials. Studies had consistently shown that the use of PD-1 inhibitors in dMMR/MSI-H advanced CRC as first-line or subsequent therapy, as well as in the neoadjuvant setting, leading to significant survival benefits. These benefits were particularly notable in cases of dMMR/MSI-H metastatic CRC with concurrent BRAF/RAS mutations and in the context of neoadjuvant immunotherapy aimed at organ preservation in locally advanced dMMR/MSI-H CRC. Moreover, there were numerous studies exploring “dual immunotherapy”, and most studies found that its efficacy was superior to that of single immunotherapy. However, the more adverse events were reported by the “dual immunotherapy” compared to the single immunotherapy. ConclusionsOverall, based on results of the literature reviewed, PD-1 inhibitors have shown significant clinical benefits in dMMR/MSI-H advanced CRC, but there are still more issues that need to be further explored, such as discovering more first-line PD-1 inhibitors, overcoming drug resistance and adverse events. Future clinical practice should prioritize more precise individualized identification and the application of more effective combination therapy regimens to further optimize outcomes for patients with dMMR/MSI-H advanced CRC.
ObjectiveTo study the relationship between preoperative pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), preoperative hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte and platelet score (HALP) and tumor pathological features and microsatellite status of colorectal cancer, and to analyze the predictive value of HALP and PIV for microsatellite status. MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 156 patients who underwent radical colorectal cancer resection admitted to the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2021 to February 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. HALP and PIV were calculated by preoperative related laboratory indicators, and then the patients were divided into high HALP/low HALP (HHALP/LHALP) group (n=78) and high PIV/low PIV (HPIV/LPIV) group (n=78) according to the median of their calculated values. The correlation between preoperative HALP and PIV and clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer was analyzed. According to the results of microsatellite stability detection, the patients were divided into microsatellite standard/microsatellite instability-high（MSS/MSI-H）group. The correlation between preoperative HALP and PIV and microsatellite stability was analyzed. The predictive value of HALP and PIV for microsatellite status was analyzed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. ResultsThere were statistically significant differences in tumor diameter, tumor location, HALP, T stage and microsatellite status between the HPIV group and the LPIV group (P<0.05), and high PIV was more common in patients with right-sided colon cancer and MSI-H, and the tumors were larger and had higher T stage. The differences in gender, body mass index（BMI）, tumor diameter, tumor location, PIV, T stage and microsatellite status between the HHALP group and the LHALP group were statistically significant (P<0.05), and low HALP was more common in women, patients with right-sided colon cancer, and MSI-H, and had a low BMI, large tumors, and high T stage. There were statistically significant differences in HALP and PIV between MSS group and MSI-H group (P<0.05), and patients with MSI-H tended to have low HALP and high PIV, and the area under curve of HALP and PIV in predicting MSI-H for colorectal cancer was 0.848 9 and 0.851 6, respectively, and the optimal cut-off value was 26.84 scores and 507.04, respectively, and the sensitivity was 1.000, 0.923, specificity 0.643, 0.817, respectively. ConclusionLow HALP and high PIV are more common in patients with right-sided colon cancer and MSI-H, who have poor nutritional and immune status, severe inflammation, larger tumors, deeper invasion, and predictive value for MSI-H, which can assist in the formulation of clinical treatment plans to a certain extent.